Struggle of Love Foundation

Summary

What do they do? Struggle of Love provides violence interruption, trauma support and school-based mentorship in Northeast Denver and North Aurora. It also operates food distribution and youth employment opportunities. Its teams connect families to counseling, crisis support and other community providers.

Why we’re interested in this organization:

Local BIPOC-led organization with direct crisis and neighborhood access.
The 2024 report distinguishes shooting incidents, therapy completions and paid youth placements.
Food, employment and mental-health support address more than one pathway to household welfare.

Our main reservations:

Incident responses and paid placements do not establish incremental health or earnings gains.
Controlled violence-intervention evidence is uncertain and differs from SOL’s model.
Full annual costs cover several unquantified channels, so the displayed partial-channel reference is not a portfolio ranking.

What do you get for your dollar? $18.2M per DALY in Denver. DALY is our one-year comparison unit. QALY-based health gains and income-welfare equivalents retain their original assumptions; they are not measured clinical DALYs. Full annual recipient cost against conditional injury-response, completed-therapy and youth-workforce channels; not whole-portfolio or marginal-gift EV..

105 incident responses; 25 concession-employed youth; ten public placements; 30 therapy completions/discharges; 3,720 volunteer hours in the 2024 report.

1. What do they do?

Struggle of Love provides violence interruption, trauma support and school-based mentorship in Northeast Denver and North Aurora. It also operates food distribution and youth employment opportunities. Its teams connect families to counseling, crisis support and other community providers.

2. Monitoring and information sharing

The 2024 report describes 105 shooting incidents responded to, 30 therapy completions or successful discharges, 25 concession-employed youth and ten additional public youth-employment placements. Food pounds, STAR referrals and center visits are not unique causal outcomes. The 30 completed therapy clients form a separate conditional clinical channel; potential shared benefits with incident response are overlap-discounted rather than presumed independent. The next useful monitoring asks for unique completed clients, local residence, actual additional gains and costs; contacts and satisfaction are not causal outcomes.

3. Qualitative assessment

The numerical reference hypothesizes one exposed person per shooting incident, 20% recipient contribution, a 5% additional injury-risk reduction and 0.10 QALY per avoided nonfatal injury. These are judgments, not measured SOL effects. A 130-person hospital-based pilot RCT found a 10.4 percentage-point repeat-injury difference with p=.15; a null or harmful result remains plausible. The distinct 25-person concession-workforce envelope uses 30% additional employment and $500 net annual household gain after taxes, benefit withdrawals and ordinary work costs, with $50 additional participation cost on every household and conservative positive overlap. Public placements, alternative jobs, employers and other support organizations matter. There is no child lifetime-wage or retail food-income claim. Separately, 30 completed/discharged therapy clients receive a conditional 0.03 QALY one-year improvement (10.95 healthy-day equivalents), 20% additionality and 50% positive clinical overlap reduction. The original Resick randomized trauma-therapy trial establishes symptom improvement against minimal attention, not a utility conversion, SOL fidelity or superiority to active local care. The utility hypothesis remains unmeasured and tested at zero. Therapy access costs $20 on all completed-client households, jointly netted with job costs in an explicit overlap sensitivity; no additional therapy earnings are assumed.

4. What do you get for your dollar?

The full FY2024 recipient expense is $3,006,875. Unmeasured therapy causal magnitude, pantry and broader coalition contributions remain unknown, not zero, and the model does not estimate whole-portfolio or next-gift expected value. A $30/hour sensitivity for 3,720 volunteer hours adds shadow resources without asserting a household payer loss. Giving goes through the recipient’s own ColoradoGives link; no donation was executed.

Model, assumptions and sensitivity

Full FY2024 organizational expenses, not allocated injury-response or job-placement costs.

Northeast Denver and North Aurora service area is within pinned ten-county Denver CBSA19740; .98 recipient-benefit share is a judgment allowing outside residents.

Health = incident envelope × patient-per-incident hypothesis × additionality × injury-risk response × finite QALY burden, less full incident-exposure harms. Separate workforce household joint logs include full costs and positive-only overlap; price = annual cost / (health + signed resource equivalent). A separate 30-person therapy clinical hypothesis adds finite benefit with positive clinical overlap reduction and full client harms; therapy/job household costs jointly logged if overlapping.

C: 3006875 USD annual (observed). Observed full FY2024 original IRS organizational expenses, no netted event/gaming/inventory additions identified. [finance]
N: 105 annual shooting incidents responded to, not observed unique patients (observed). Observed 105 shooting incident responses in the 2024 annual report. One exposed patient per incident is a separate explicit hypothesis. [annual]
patientsPerIncident: 1 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]
therapyN: 30 model parameter (observed). Observed 30 full therapy completions or successful discharges in 2024; completion is not clinical response. [annual]
therapyB: 0.2 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]
therapyQ: 0.03 model parameter (judgment). Judgment 0.03 QALY over one year, 10.95 healthy-day equivalents; original trauma trial measured symptoms, not utilities, and SOL case mix/fidelity is unknown. [services] [cg-cost]
therapyOverlap: 0.5 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]
therapyCost: 20 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]
therapyJobOverlap: 0 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]
resourceN: 25 model parameter (observed). Observed 25 concession-employed youth; unique household conversion and incremental job probability are judgments. [annual]
unique: 0.9 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]
b: 0.2 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]
response: 0.05 model parameter (judgment). Judgment 5% risk reduction; original pilot 10.4-point difference had p=.15 and is not transferred as proven efficacy. [services] [cg-cost]
q: 0.1 model parameter (judgment). Judgment 0.1 finite QALY per avoided nonfatal violent injury, not a measured trial utility or mortality benefit. [services] [cg-cost]
T: 1 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]
g: 0.98 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]
delay: 0 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]
r: 0.03 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]
harm: 0.0002 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]
success: 0.3 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]
workGain: 500 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]
medicalGain: 0 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]
overlap: 0.5 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]
cost: 50 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]
baseline: 20000 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]
payerLoss: 0 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]
externalCost: 0 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]
payerPeople: 1000 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]
payerBaseline: 50000 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]

central: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: 0.16; all-population health QALYs: 0.17. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

negative therapy overlap zero: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: -0.10; all-population health QALYs: -0.10. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

negative therapy overlap one: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: -0.10; all-population health QALYs: -0.10. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

no therapy health: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: 0.08; all-population health QALYs: 0.08. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

therapy null alternative: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: 0.08; all-population health QALYs: 0.08. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

full clinical positive overlap: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: 0.25; all-population health QALYs: 0.26. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

all therapy job households overlap: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: 0.16; all-population health QALYs: 0.17. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

zero therapy cost: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: 0.16; all-population health QALYs: 0.17. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.01. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

clinical null: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: -0.03; all-population health QALYs: -0.03. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

financial only: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: 0.00; all-population health QALYs: 0.00. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

failed violence and job benefits full burdens: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: -0.03; all-population health QALYs: -0.03. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.04. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

no exposure: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: 0.00; all-population health QALYs: 0.00. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

no gift no exposure: Cost: $0; Denver health QALYs: 0.00; all-population health QALYs: 0.00. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

adverse: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: -0.04; all-population health QALYs: -0.04. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.12. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

unknown: Cost: unknown; Denver health QALYs: unknown; all-population health QALYs: unknown. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

no injury risk reduction: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: 0.06; all-population health QALYs: 0.06. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

pilot absolute risk difference not established: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: 0.28; all-population health QALYs: 0.28. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

half injury burden: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: 0.11; all-population health QALYs: 0.12. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

no net job gain: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: 0.16; all-population health QALYs: 0.17. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.04. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

higher after cost job gain: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: 0.16; all-population health QALYs: 0.17. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.04. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

no additional job: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: 0.16; all-population health QALYs: 0.17. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.04. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

no counterfactual violence contribution: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: 0.06; all-population health QALYs: 0.06. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

quarter attribution: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: 0.19; all-population health QALYs: 0.19. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

longer health: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: 0.35; all-population health QALYs: 0.36. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

half geography: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: 0.08; all-population health QALYs: 0.17. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

no local share: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: 0.00; all-population health QALYs: 0.00. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

negative overlap zero: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: 0.16; all-population health QALYs: 0.17. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.06. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

negative overlap one: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: 0.16; all-population health QALYs: 0.17. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.06. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

no positive overlap: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: 0.16; all-population health QALYs: 0.17. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.04. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

full positive overlap: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: 0.16; all-population health QALYs: 0.17. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.04. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

full time burden: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: 0.16; all-population health QALYs: 0.17. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.08. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

no access burden: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: 0.16; all-population health QALYs: 0.17. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.03. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

distinct employer displacement: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: 0.16; all-population health QALYs: 0.17. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.03. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

volunteer shadow cost: Cost: $3.1M; Denver health QALYs: 0.16; all-population health QALYs: 0.17. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

full payer resource incidence: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: 0.16; all-population health QALYs: 0.17. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.02. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

household deduplication: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: 0.16; all-population health QALYs: 0.17. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

three full year mean cost: Cost: $1.8M; Denver health QALYs: 0.16; all-population health QALYs: 0.17. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

two year delay: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: 0.16; all-population health QALYs: 0.16. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

fewer incident patients: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: 0.12; all-population health QALYs: 0.13. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

higher process harm: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: 0.06; all-population health QALYs: 0.06. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

zero resource exposure: Cost: $3.0M; Denver health QALYs: 0.16; all-population health QALYs: 0.17. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.01. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

Counterfactual: Other community, hospital and public violence response; publicly supported youth placements, ordinary jobs and other family resources.

Attribution: Recipient contribution .2 for injury prevention and job additionality .3 are separate hypotheses; they are not inferred from partner STAR totals.

Primary pilot trial does not establish injury reduction; recipient injury severity, unique people, net wages, donor capacity and portfolio cost allocation remain unknown.

Sensitivity

negative therapy overlap zero: no finite positive estimate. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
negative therapy overlap one: no finite positive estimate. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
no therapy health: $39.2M per DALY. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
therapy null alternative: $39.2M per DALY. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
full clinical positive overlap: $11.9M per DALY. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
all therapy job households overlap: $18.2M per DALY. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
zero therapy cost: $16.9M per DALY. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
clinical null: no finite positive estimate. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
financial only: $8B per DALY. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
failed violence and job benefits full burdens: no finite positive estimate. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
no exposure: no finite positive estimate. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
no gift no exposure: no finite positive estimate. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
adverse: no finite positive estimate. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
unknown: no finite positive estimate. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
no injury risk reduction: $48.4M per DALY. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
pilot absolute risk difference not established: $10.9M per DALY. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
half injury burden: $26.5M per DALY. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
no net job gain: $24.3M per DALY. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
higher after cost job gain: $14.6M per DALY. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
no additional job: $24.3M per DALY. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
no counterfactual violence contribution: $48.4M per DALY. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
quarter attribution: $15.8M per DALY. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
longer health: $8.6M per DALY. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
half geography: $35.7M per DALY. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
no local share: no finite positive estimate. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
negative overlap zero: $28.1M per DALY. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
negative overlap one: $28.1M per DALY. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
no positive overlap: $24.3M per DALY. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
full positive overlap: $14.6M per DALY. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
full time burden: $36.6M per DALY. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
no access burden: $15.6M per DALY. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
distinct employer displacement: $22.8M per DALY. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
volunteer shadow cost: $18.9M per DALY. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
full payer resource incidence: $21.0M per DALY. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
household deduplication: $18.2M per DALY. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
three full year mean cost: $11.2M per DALY. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
two year delay: $19.3M per DALY. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
fewer incident patients: $24.3M per DALY. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
higher process harm: $50.8M per DALY. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.
zero resource exposure: $19.9M per DALY. Conditional injury-response and concession-workforce channels, plus a separate completed-therapy hypothesis, not whole SOL portfolio. Injury risk, one exposed person per incident, QALY magnitude and job additionality/net resources are judgments. Pilot hospital RCT did not establish a significant effect; all exposures retain negative costs and harms.

Unresolved inputs

Unique injured people and measured clinical burden per incident.
Counterfactual net earnings after taxes, public benefits and displacement.
Therapy, food and wider coalition causal effects and cost allocations.
Current donor-funded additional service capacity.
Direct utility and active-provider comparative effect of completed SOL counseling.

Health and income breakdown

For the modeled $3.0M: 0.16 health QALYs + 0.00 income-equivalent healthy years in Denver: $18.2M per DALY. Income equivalents are welfare comparisons, not observed QALYs or DALYs.

Method and caveats.

5. Funding and previous grants

The three full-year original expense figures are disclosed below. Current marginal donor capacity, public-provider substitution and restricted program allocations are not established by these filings.

Annual expenses

Organization-level spending, including programs, administration and fundraising. The research list averages three comparable, consecutive full fiscal years when available.

FY 2024: $3.0M; org:struggle-love, 12-month period, IRS full functional expenses plus netted direct event expenses. Source
FY 2023: $1.4M; org:struggle-love, 12-month period, IRS full functional expenses plus netted direct event expenses. Source
FY 2022: $1.1M; org:struggle-love, 12-month period, IRS full functional expenses plus netted direct event expenses. Source

6. Sources

FY2024 original IRS return. IRS original filing. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-07.
FY2023 original IRS return. IRS original filing. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-07.
FY2022 original IRS return. IRS original filing. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-07.
2024 original annual report. Struggle of Love Foundation. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-07.
Current recipient and giving route. Struggle of Love Foundation. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-07.
Original youth injury pilot randomized trial. Snider et al., CJEM. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-07.
Coefficient Giving cost-effectiveness framework. Coefficient Giving. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-07.
Original trauma psychotherapy randomized trial. Resick et al., Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-07.