GiveBetter x Denver

Maria Droste Counseling Center

Accessible outpatient and community mental-health counseling

Research time: ~3 min on GPT-6.1 Sol
  • Research — reviewed programs, finances and impact evidence.

Updated: 2026-10-06

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Summary

What do they do? Maria Droste Services of Colorado, EIN 84-1182130, provides counseling, community care and clinical training. Its 2025 report identifies 675 unique outpatient clients, distinct from the broader session totals used in earlier reporting. The conditional initial reference includes symptom-health benefits and signed household resources, with an explicit FY2024 cost/FY2025 output mismatch.

Why we’re interested in this organization:

  • Current primary reporting distinguishes outpatient clients from therapy sessions.

  • Sliding fees, insurance billing and community delivery provide practical access routes.

  • Full access burdens, alternatives and negative income effects are retained rather than assumed away.

Our main reservations:

  • County residence, household overlap and causal clinical outcomes remain unmeasured.

  • FY2025 income shares do not establish full current expenses, so the cost/output vintages differ.

  • Training and community benefits are unpriced; whole recipient cost against outpatient benefits is not portfolio expected value.

What do you get for your dollar? $3.1M per DALY in Denver. DALY is our one-year comparison unit. QALY-based health gains and income-welfare equivalents retain their original assumptions; they are not measured clinical DALYs. Conditional full annual recipient cost against an explicitly judged finite therapy-access channel; not whole-portfolio expected value or a marginal donation offer..

2025 primary report: 675 unique outpatient clients, 155 community clients and 10,619 sessions; 2024 session statistics are not unique completed outpatient clients.

1. What do they do?

The Denver-based charity provides outpatient counseling, school/community care and supervised clinician training. Its own intake page offers statewide telehealth and in-person services, Medicaid/private insurance, and sliding fees for uninsured clients below 200% FPL. These establish services and alternatives, not clinical effects.

2. Monitoring and information sharing

The 2025 primary PDF reports 830 clients: 675 outpatient and 155 community, alongside 10,619 sessions. The outpatient section explicitly calls its 675 clients unique. Do not add Children First, SMHP, training hours and all sessions as unique people. Request deduplicated households, county residence, completed doses, sustained symptom outcomes and fee/time/work burden.

3. Qualitative assessment

The model confines its center to the outpatient cohort with .9 household deduplication and .8 Denver share judgments. Additionality .35, clinical response .5, utility .04 and half-year persistence are unmeasured hypotheses. Insurance/public clinics and spontaneous recovery reduce incremental benefit; no gross child future wages, mortality or donated-hour retail value are counted.

4. What do you get for your dollar?

Full FY2024 recognized cost is $3,487,726, paired explicitly with FY2025 outpatient output because a reviewed FY2025 full expense amount was not found. Center: 1.45 health QALYs plus −0.320963 signed income-equivalent years, approximately $3.1M per DALY. The .118 resource-response fraction is a judgment informed by roughly 59% adult share × .2 possible adult/caregiver response. A $500 net disposable gain is after tax, benefit withdrawal and work costs; only positives are halved for overlap. Every exposed household retains $50 net access/fee/time costs and clinical burden even if treatment fails. Delay .1 is engagement onset for both costs and benefits, not capitalized earlier losses.

Model, assumptions and sensitivity

Whole recipient FY2024 full recognized annual cost against FY2025 outpatient unique-client reference; deliberately unmatched vintage and partial benefit scope. Other training/community benefits unknown, not zero; no marginal gift claim.

Pinned ten-county CBSA19740; statewide telehealth means .8 Denver share is a judgment, not office-based attribution. .9 household deduplication is also judged.

Exposed=N×unique; incremental union=exposed×b; health=(union×response×q×discounted finite duration − exposed×harm×onset discount)×Denver share. Income=0.5×joint household log net resources with positive-only overlap and full access costs, plus distinct payer losses localized once. DALY price=cost/(health+signed income equivalent).

C
3487726 USD annual (observed). Observed original IRS full functional expenses plus netted direct event expenses; no event amount in Droste FY2024. Cost scope is full recipient annual work, not a marginal-gift forecast. [finance]
N
675 annual participant household-equivalent hypothesis (judgment). 675 unique outpatient clients reported for2025; not675 unique households or matchedFY2024 delivered cohort. [services] [cg-cost]
unique
0.9 model parameter (judgment). .9 deduplicated household/clinical unit proxy; household overlap unknown. [services] [cg-cost]
b
0.35 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]
response
0.5 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]
q
0.04 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]
T
0.5 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]
g
0.8 model parameter (judgment). .8 Denver resident share is unmeasured judgment given statewide care. [services] [cg-cost]
delay
0.1 model parameter (judgment). .1 years engagement onset shared by health and access/resource periods. [services] [cg-cost]
r
0.03 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]
harm
0.0005 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]
success
0.118 model parameter (judgment). .118 adult/caregiver resource response fraction is a59%adult×.2 judgment, not observed work outcomes. [services] [cg-cost]
workGain
500 model parameter (judgment). 500 net disposable annual resources after tax/benefit/work costs, not gross wages. [services] [cg-cost]
medicalGain
0 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]
overlap
0.5 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]
cost
50 model parameter (judgment). 50 incremental fee/access/time cost on all exposed household proxies; not all therapy charges duplicated. [services] [cg-cost]
baseline
30000 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]
payerLoss
0 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]
externalCost
0 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]
payerPeople
10000 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]
payerBaseline
50000 model parameter (judgment). Explicit conditional judgment, not a measured causal recipient coefficient; adverse and null scenarios test this assumption. [services] [cg-cost]

central: Cost: $3.5M; Denver health QALYs: 1.45; all-population health QALYs: 1.82. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.32. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.

clinical null: Cost: $3.5M; Denver health QALYs: -0.24; all-population health QALYs: -0.30. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.32. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.

financial only: Cost: $3.5M; Denver health QALYs: 0.00; all-population health QALYs: 0.00. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.32. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.

zero benefit full burdens: Cost: $3.5M; Denver health QALYs: -0.24; all-population health QALYs: -0.30. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.40. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.

no exposure: Cost: $3.5M; Denver health QALYs: 0.00; all-population health QALYs: 0.00. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.

no gift no exposure: Cost: $0; Denver health QALYs: 0.00; all-population health QALYs: 0.00. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.

adverse: Cost: $3.5M; Denver health QALYs: -3.27; all-population health QALYs: -4.09. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.57. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.

unknown: Cost: unknown; Denver health QALYs: unknown; all-population health QALYs: unknown. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.

no resources: Cost: $3.5M; Denver health QALYs: 1.45; all-population health QALYs: 1.82. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.40. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.

clinical response null: Cost: $3.5M; Denver health QALYs: -0.24; all-population health QALYs: -0.30. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.32. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.

short health: Cost: $3.5M; Denver health QALYs: 0.61; all-population health QALYs: 0.76. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.32. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.

one year health: Cost: $3.5M; Denver health QALYs: 3.15; all-population health QALYs: 3.94. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.32. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.

low additionality: Cost: $3.5M; Denver health QALYs: 0.24; all-population health QALYs: 0.30. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.38. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.

all additionality: Cost: $3.5M; Denver health QALYs: 4.60; all-population health QALYs: 5.75. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.17. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.

half geography: Cost: $3.5M; Denver health QALYs: 0.91; all-population health QALYs: 1.82. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.20. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.

no local share: Cost: $3.5M; Denver health QALYs: 0.00; all-population health QALYs: 0.00. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.

no positive overlap: Cost: $3.5M; Denver health QALYs: 1.45; all-population health QALYs: 1.82. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.40. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.

full positive overlap: Cost: $3.5M; Denver health QALYs: 1.45; all-population health QALYs: 1.82. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.24. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.

negative overlap zero: Cost: $3.5M; Denver health QALYs: 1.45; all-population health QALYs: 1.82. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.57. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.

negative overlap one: Cost: $3.5M; Denver health QALYs: 1.45; all-population health QALYs: 1.82. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.57. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.

mixed resources: Cost: $3.5M; Denver health QALYs: 1.45; all-population health QALYs: 1.82. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.45. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.

no access cost: Cost: $3.5M; Denver health QALYs: 1.45; all-population health QALYs: 1.82. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.08. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.

high access cost: Cost: $3.5M; Denver health QALYs: 1.45; all-population health QALYs: 1.82. Income-equivalent healthy years: -1.54. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.

payer transfer loss: Cost: $3.5M; Denver health QALYs: 1.45; all-population health QALYs: 1.82. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.52. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.

external care cost: Cost: $3.5M; Denver health QALYs: 1.45; all-population health QALYs: 1.82. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.81. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.

double cost: Cost: $7.0M; Denver health QALYs: 1.45; all-population health QALYs: 1.82. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.32. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.

program recognized cost: Cost: $2.4M; Denver health QALYs: 1.45; all-population health QALYs: 1.82. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.32. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.

half cohort: Cost: $3.5M; Denver health QALYs: 0.73; all-population health QALYs: 0.91. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.16. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.

all reported 2025 clients: Cost: $3.5M; Denver health QALYs: 1.79; all-population health QALYs: 2.23. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.39. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.

household deduplication: Cost: $3.5M; Denver health QALYs: 1.13; all-population health QALYs: 1.41. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.25. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.

no net work gain: Cost: $3.5M; Denver health QALYs: 1.45; all-population health QALYs: 1.82. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.40. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.

higher net work gain: Cost: $3.5M; Denver health QALYs: 1.45; all-population health QALYs: 1.82. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.16. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.

Counterfactual: Medicaid/private insurance, public behavioral-health clinics, other counseling providers and household support without this recipient.

Attribution: .35 incremental uptake and .5 clinical response are unmeasured initial hypotheses, not satisfaction rates or causal recovery measurements.

Cost/output vintage mismatch, no county distribution, untreated comparison, actual fees/time, sustained utility or after-tax household work changes. All are explicit hypotheses with null/adverse sensitivities.

Sensitivity

  • clinical null: no finite positive estimate. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.
  • financial only: no finite positive estimate. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.
  • zero benefit full burdens: no finite positive estimate. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.
  • no exposure: no finite positive estimate. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.
  • no gift no exposure: no finite positive estimate. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.
  • adverse: no finite positive estimate. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.
  • unknown: no finite positive estimate. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.
  • no resources: $3.3M per DALY. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.
  • clinical response null: no finite positive estimate. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.
  • short health: $12.2M per DALY. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.
  • one year health: $1.2M per DALY. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.
  • low additionality: no finite positive estimate. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.
  • all additionality: $786K per DALY. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.
  • half geography: $4.9M per DALY. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.
  • no local share: no finite positive estimate. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.
  • no positive overlap: $3.3M per DALY. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.
  • full positive overlap: $2.9M per DALY. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.
  • negative overlap zero: $4.0M per DALY. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.
  • negative overlap one: $4.0M per DALY. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.
  • mixed resources: $3.5M per DALY. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.
  • no access cost: $2.3M per DALY. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.
  • high access cost: no finite positive estimate. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.
  • payer transfer loss: $3.7M per DALY. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.
  • external care cost: $5.4M per DALY. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.
  • double cost: $6.2M per DALY. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.
  • program recognized cost: $2.1M per DALY. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.
  • half cohort: $6.2M per DALY. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.
  • all reported 2025 clients: $2.5M per DALY. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.
  • household deduplication: $4.0M per DALY. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.
  • no net work gain: $3.3M per DALY. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.
  • higher net work gain: $2.7M per DALY. Conditional finite outpatient therapy-access reference pairing FY2024 annual cost with FY2025 native unique clients; utility, uptake, net resources and donor response not measured.

Unresolved inputs

  • Matched FY2025 full annual expenses
  • Unique households and county residence
  • Causal clinical utility/duration versus alternatives
  • Net fees/time/work/tax-benefit and external payer resources
  • Allocated outpatient and next-gift capacity

Health and income breakdown

For the modeled $3.5M: 1.45 health QALYs + -0.32 income-equivalent healthy years in Denver: $3.1M per DALY. Income equivalents are welfare comparisons, not observed QALYs or DALYs.

Method and caveats.

5. Funding and previous grants

Original event-inclusive full expenses: FY2022 $2,527,157; FY2023 $2,843,028; FY2024 $3,487,726. FY2024 functional program cost $2,378,708 is a broad recognized-cost sensitivity, not allocated outpatient cost. Current 2025 reporting describes financial pressures and a grant/earned-revenue mix; this is not evidence of marginal donor expansion or verified capacity. Unpaid trainee/provider resources and insurer/taxpayer incidence require deeper investigation.

Annual expenses

Organization-level spending, including programs, administration and fundraising. The research list averages three comparable, consecutive full fiscal years when available.

  • FY 2022: $2.5M; ein:84-1182130, 12-month period, IRS full functional expenses plus netted direct event expenses. Source
  • FY 2023: $2.8M; ein:84-1182130, 12-month period, IRS full functional expenses plus netted direct event expenses. Source
  • FY 2024: $3.5M; ein:84-1182130, 12-month period, IRS full functional expenses plus netted direct event expenses. Source

6. Sources

  1. Current intake, insurance alternatives and sliding fees. Maria Droste Counseling Center. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-06.
  2. Current legal recipient and direct donation route. Maria Droste Counseling Center. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-06.
  3. 2025 primary annual report and unique outpatient clients. Maria Droste Counseling Center. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-06.
  4. 2024 primary annual report and EHR scope. Maria Droste Counseling Center. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-06.
  5. Original FY2024 IRS return. IRS original filing. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-06.
  6. Original FY2023 IRS return. IRS original filing. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-06.
  7. Original FY2022 IRS return. IRS original filing. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-06.
  8. Health and logarithmic income comparison methodology. Coefficient Giving. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-06.