GiveBetter x Chicago

Youth Guidance

School-based WOW and BAM counseling, education and family support

Research time: ~15 min on GPT-6 Astra Light + ~9 min on GPT-6.1 Sol
  • Research — reviewed programs, finances and impact evidence.
  • Modeling — estimated costs, QALYs and uncertainty.
  • Source audit — checked claims, assumptions and calculations.

Updated: 2026-10-05

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Summary

What do they do? Youth Guidance places counselors and mentors in schools to support young people facing trauma and other barriers to success. WOW provides group-based support for girls, while BAM helps young men reflect on decisions and strengthen school engagement. Family assistance and community programs complement this work by addressing immediate needs and connecting students with supportive adults.

Why we’re interested in this organization:

  • WOW has randomized evidence for reduced depression and post-traumatic stress symptoms, with a transparent utility model.

  • BAM has multiple randomized studies and a measured early graduation contrast, alongside important scaling cautions.

  • Current local program counts, direct family cash assistance and original audited costs provide concrete implementation anchors.

Our main reservations:

  • Annual reach is not verified completed trial-equivalent care or unique households; sibling and cash-recipient overlap is unknown.

  • BAM graduation-to-net-resources and current transfer remain judgments, not measured earnings.

  • The whole annual denominator covers national and unpriced programs; school resources, public funding replacement and marginal capacity remain uncertain.

What do you get for your dollar? $2.8M per DALY in Chicago. DALY is our one-year comparison unit. QALY-based health gains and income-welfare equivalents retain their original assumptions; they are not measured clinical DALYs. Conditional partial Chicago clinical/resources against full national annual recipient resources; complete world/portfolio and marginal gift unknown..

Observed annual program reach and approximate cash output; not completed trial-dose, diploma gain, earned income or causal current symptom improvement. WOW utility derived, BAM net earnings hypothetical.

1. What do they do?

Youth Guidance, EIN 36-2167032, provides school-based counseling, mentoring, career readiness and family support. Its official giving page identifies the legal recipient and links national and regional routes, including Chicago; no transaction or donor restriction was tested. WOW serves girls in grades 6–12, while BAM works with young men in grades 6–12 across Chicagoland, including Waukegan and the south suburbs. Geographic reach is not precise beneficiary residence within the pinned metro.

2. Monitoring and information sharing

The FY2025 annual report gives national WOW reach 4,331 and BAM reach 8,679. Its Illinois pages report WOW 3,649 and BAM 7,243 participants, not unique completed trial-equivalent courses or households. Community Connections assisted more than 400 families with approximately $150,000 direct cash. The 400 figure includes broader crisis assistance; it does not establish 400 paid recipients. The reference assumes 400 equally paid household units, with concentrated 100/20-recipient Jensen sensitivities at the same aggregate cash. Current symptom-improvement and satisfaction percentages are noncausal monitoring, not fresh randomized effects. Obtain attendance, counselor dose, retention, unique household IDs, grade mix, actual cash allocations and residence.

3. Qualitative assessment

The original WOW randomized evaluation maps depression and PTSD scales to literature utilities, taking each student's minimum condition utility rather than adding comorbid gains. Anxiety is omitted from its cost-utility model. Table 5 assumes a full year of benefit and estimates $58,025/QALY for combined depression/PTSD. The study's $2,300 actual-participant cost is converted using .6525 uptake for its ITT analysis. Recovering 2,300/58,025=.039638 participant-equivalent utility therefore does NOT require applying uptake again. This is modeled utility, not directly measured local clinical QALYs. Current transfer .5 reflects grade mix, dose, counselors and population; half a year is a finite duration judgment, with quarter-year onset and 3% discount. No lifetime protection, arrest-to-injury conversion or extra mortality credit is added.

For BAM, original first-trial Table VI reports on-time graduation ITT .0297 and participant IV .0714, both p<.10, n=2,740. These are probability differences, not 19 percentage points: the headline 19% is relative. Later scaling trials did not detect significant outcomes in new populations. Pooled school engagement projected up to five graduation points is not observed pooled diploma completion or earnings. The reference uses .0714 participant IV with .25 current transfer, explicitly weak across current grades/dose/settings. It is not automatically applied as current causal graduation. WOW's study did not establish academic gains. BAM violence, other counseling, afterschool, career and national income effects remain unpriced and unknown, including harms.

4. What do you get for your dollar?

FY2025 audited expense $54,652,685 plus $204,922 direct event benefits netted against revenue gives full gross recognized resources $54,857,607. Recorded donated services and in-kind inputs are already included; no duplicate addback. FY2024 uses $56,011,499 + $276,981 = $56,288,480; FY2023 $46,884,765 + $195,100 = $47,079,865. Comparable mean is $52,741,984. These are whole national-recipient resources, not a Chicago-only or WOW-only budget. Unrecognized school space/staff and partner opportunity costs are unknown, not free; K=0 is only a recognized-boundary reference, with 25%-of-C additional budget stress and full unknown. The original FY2025 audit opinion is dated December 10, 2025; publication date is not inferred.

b=.5 denotes a conditional annual funded-work response beyond replacement funding, school capacity and counselor constraints, not a second donor haircut on measured incremental outcomes. Full annual cost stays in the denominator; b=1 is separate. WOW local 3,649 × .5 funding × .039638 utility × .5 transfer × .5 years × .95 residence, discounted after .25-year onset, yields 17.05 clinical QALYs. The initial undiscounted conditional health-only price is preserved. All-population clinical fields retain national WOW reach; they are health-only, not complete national welfare.

BAM local 7,243 × .5 funding gives 3,621.5 exposed participant units. Judged current graduation probability .0714 × .25 gives 64.643775 additional-graduate hypotheses. A separate unsupported $1,000 net annual household-resource gain lasts only three years after four years' delay. It must be net of taxes, benefit withdrawal, commuting, childcare, college/training opportunity costs, displaced earnings and other employment; no gross salary or lifetime diploma premium is treated as observed. Positive BAM resource overlap defaults 1 because no BAM health is priced centrally; half-overlap is shown, and negative earnings or graduation changes are retained fully. This is not ordinary survivor earnings.

Current direct cash gives an additional resource anchor, not a social-income claim. $150,000 divided among judged 400 paid households, .5 additional versus other assistance and .9 net usable resources gives $168.75 per recipient. Positive WOW overlap .5 and full incremental family-process burden $20 give $64.375 net. Other WOW families lose $20, and BAM families lose $20. These burden priors concern actual incremental usable household resources versus alternatives, not retail counseling prices or monetized ordinary school hours. Cash gains and signed benefit withdrawal are netted with burden BEFORE one log. Household baseline is judged $30,000/year; future graduate baseline is $20,000/year. One welfare-equivalent person per household is explicit; family members are not automatically added.

Central WOW and BAM households are assumed disjoint, although students may be siblings. Joint-family cases combine both $20 burdens in a single household-year log. Cash recipients are assumed a subset of WOW-only households, not separate welfare people; this allocation is unverified. Two-participants-per-household aggregation preserves both participants' full costs and earning gains before the joint log, assuming similarly situated co-resident participants. Current burden/cash year and delayed earnings years 4–6 are distinct time slices, so future resource logs do not double count same-year resources. Full health harms cover the distinct WOW+BAM individual union even when households overlap.

The production .5 × households × discounted years × log(1 + joint net/baseline) bridge gives 2.419906 signed resource equivalents, combining with health to 19.469375, or $2.8M per DALY, not ten clinical QALYs. Clinical-null keeps cash, earnings hypotheses and all burdens. No cash additionality, no earnings, no graduation, zero-expansion, true-zero, unknown and adverse controls differ. Complete portfolio and world-net effects remain unknown, not zero or a lower bound.

The cash transfer is already an expense in C: do not add it to resource cost again or charge the same donating households twice. Counterparty stress represents a separate displaced-beneficiary/public-budget alternative from incremental assistance, not the donor cost already in C. It allocates full pre-overlap additional cash to distinct households, with low-baseline fixed-budget displacement separate. Outside school/provider own-resource stress excludes staff/input costs already priced in C or K. Central payer incidence is unknown-neutral, not observed zero. No complete global-benefit claim follows from recipient cash gains.

Model, assumptions and sensitivity

Whole annual gross national recipient resources; Chicago priced channels partial, school inputs/marginal gift unknown.

.95 judged residence share of localWOW/BAM, not national benefit; cash local allocation hypothesis.

WOWhealth=b*L*g*q*t*discountedYears(D)−full union harm. BAMgrads=b*BL*.0714*.25; netearning hypothetical1000 for3years after4yrdelay. Cash150000/paidHH*.5*.9; positives overlap individually, negativesfull, costs joint before .5*HH*discountedYears*log1p(net/baseline). Separate household-year slices prevent duplication. Headline10*(C+K)/(clinical+income).

C
54857607 USD gross annual recognized whole-recipient resources (observed). Original audited expense plus netted event benefits, donated resources already included. [audit25]
K
0 USD nonoverlapping annual opportunity resources (unknown). Unknown-neutral unrecognized nonoverlapping annual school/partner opportunity cost; not observed zero. [annual25] [wow] [bamqje] [audit25]
N
4331 national WOW annual reach (observed). Annual report p 6, not completed participant-equivalent treatment. [annual25]
L
3649 local WOW annual reach (observed). Annual report p 16 Chicagoland/Waukegan, not measured residence or households. [annual25]
BL
7243 local BAM annual reach (observed). Annual report p 15, not unique households or completed trial dose. [annual25]
q
0.03963808703145196 participant-equivalent utility per year (judgment). Economic-model participant-equivalent 2300 / 58025; no repeated offer uptake factor; utility mapping/transfer uncertain. [annual25] [wow] [bamqje] [audit25]
t
0.5 conditional model units (judgment). Current dose/population transfer beyond trial; not take-up reapplication. [annual25] [wow] [bamqje] [audit25]
D
0.5 years (judgment). Finite half-year health area; no lifetime copies. [annual25] [wow] [bamqje] [audit25]
b
0.5 conditional model units (judgment). Conditional annual funded-work response beyond substitutes/capacity; next gift unknown. [annual25] [wow] [bamqje] [audit25]
g
0.95 conditional model units (judgment). Judged metro residence share of local cohorts, not national output. [annual25] [wow] [bamqje] [audit25]
delay
0.25 years (judgment). Quarter-year onset prior. [annual25] [wow] [bamqje] [audit25]
discount
0.03 conditional model units (judgment). Annual 3% reference. [annual25] [wow] [bamqje] [audit25]
householdsPerParticipant
1 conditional model units (judgment). One participant/household reference; aggregation doubles costs/gains before log. [annual25] [wow] [bamqje] [audit25]
jointFamilies
0 conditional model units (unknown). Unknown-neutral WOW/BAM sibling household overlap; explicit joint-family sensitivity. [annual25] [wow] [bamqje] [audit25]
bamGraduationDelta
0.0714 participant IV graduation probability difference (observed). Original first-trial .0714, p<.10 n 2740; root primary TableVI verification, not current effect. [bamqje] [bam]
bamTransfer
0.25 conditional model units (judgment). Weak current transfer of early participant graduation result across grades, dose and scaling null. [annual25] [wow] [bamqje] [audit25]
netEarning
1000 USD net per graduate-year (judgment). Unsupported net household-resource gain, after taxes/benefits/costs/displacement; not observed salary. [annual25] [wow] [bamqje] [audit25]
earnYears
3 years (judgment). Three finite future resource years, not lifetime graduation premium. [annual25] [wow] [bamqje] [audit25]
earnDelay
4 years (judgment). Four-year delay to hypothesized productive resources. [annual25] [wow] [bamqje] [audit25]
bamPositiveOverlap
1 conditional model units (judgment). No priced BAM health in central; positive-resource independence reference, negatives full. [annual25] [wow] [bamqje] [audit25]
cashTotal
150000 USD approximate annual direct cash (observed). Annual report p 17 approximately 150000, not paid-recipient count. [annual25]
cashPaidUnits
400 hypothetical distinct paid households (judgment). Judged 400 paid households, not 400 assisted confirmed paid; concentrated-award sensitivities. [annual25] [wow] [bamqje] [audit25]
cashAdditionalShare
0.5 conditional model units (judgment). Judged cash additional versus replacement assistance. [annual25] [wow] [bamqje] [audit25]
cashUsableShare
0.9 conditional model units (judgment). Judged net usable fraction after taxes/benefits/aid replacement. [annual25] [wow] [bamqje] [audit25]
cashOtherChange
0 USD signed per cash household-year (unknown). Unknown-neutral extra signed benefit withdrawal/household change; full negatives. [annual25] [wow] [bamqje] [audit25]
wowPositiveOverlap
0.5 conditional model units (judgment). Positive cash component overlap with WOWhealth only; negatives/costs full. [annual25] [wow] [bamqje] [audit25]
wowCost
20 USD incremental per participant-year (judgment). Judged incremental full family-process usable-resource burden, not ordinary school-hour monetization. [annual25] [wow] [bamqje] [audit25]
bamCost
20 USD incremental per participant-year (judgment). Judged incremental full family-process usable-resource burden, independent graduation success. [annual25] [wow] [bamqje] [audit25]
baseline
30000 USD household resources per year (judgment). Judged current annual household resources. [annual25] [wow] [bamqje] [audit25]
earnBaseline
20000 USD future household resources per year (judgment). Judged future annual household baseline, no household member earnings claim. [annual25] [wow] [bamqje] [audit25]
payerShare
0 conditional model units (unknown). Unknown-neutral distinct displaced-beneficiary/public-budget incidence, not donor cost already inC. [annual25] [wow] [bamqje] [audit25]
payerPeople
1000 conditional model units (judgment). Judged distinct counterpartyHH, one welfare-equivalent person each. [annual25] [wow] [bamqje] [audit25]
payerBaseline
60000 USD household resources per year (judgment). Judged counterparty resource baseline. [annual25] [wow] [bamqje] [audit25]
externalCost
0 conditional model units (unknown). Unknown-neutral outside own-resource cost, excluding annual-budget inputs. [annual25] [wow] [bamqje] [audit25]
harm
0.00 clinical QALY loss per exposed individual (unknown). Unknown-neutral full exposed individual health loss; no positive-overlap attenuation. [annual25] [wow] [bamqje] [audit25]

central: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 17.05; all-population health QALYs: 21.30. Income-equivalent healthy years: 2.42. Conditional annual reference.

clinical null: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 0.00; all-population health QALYs: 0.00. Income-equivalent healthy years: 2.42. Conditional annual reference.

financial only: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 0.00; all-population health QALYs: 0.00. Income-equivalent healthy years: 2.42. Conditional annual reference.

full unknown: Cost: unknown; Chicago health QALYs: unknown; all-population health QALYs: unknown. Conditional annual reference.

unknown school cost: Cost: unknown; Chicago health QALYs: 17.05; all-population health QALYs: 21.30. Income-equivalent healthy years: 2.42. Conditional annual reference.

zero expansion: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 0.00; all-population health QALYs: 0.00. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. Conditional annual reference.

true zero: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 0.00; all-population health QALYs: 0.00. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. Conditional annual reference.

no graduation transfer: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 17.05; all-population health QALYs: 21.30. Income-equivalent healthy years: -1.46. Conditional annual reference.

no net earnings: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 17.05; all-population health QALYs: 21.30. Income-equivalent healthy years: -1.46. Conditional annual reference.

no income gains: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 17.05; all-population health QALYs: 21.30. Income-equivalent healthy years: -1.73. Conditional annual reference.

adverse: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: -4.30; all-population health QALYs: -5.37. Income-equivalent healthy years: -5.54. Conditional annual reference.

negative earnings: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 17.05; all-population health QALYs: 21.30. Income-equivalent healthy years: -5.54. Conditional annual reference.

negative no overlap: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 17.05; all-population health QALYs: 21.30. Income-equivalent healthy years: -5.54. Conditional annual reference.

positive half overlap: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 17.05; all-population health QALYs: 21.30. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.50. Conditional annual reference.

joint 500 families: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 17.05; all-population health QALYs: 21.30. Income-equivalent healthy years: 2.42. Conditional annual reference.

two participants per household: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 17.05; all-population health QALYs: 21.30. Income-equivalent healthy years: 2.33. Conditional annual reference.

cash concentrated 100: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 17.05; all-population health QALYs: 21.30. Income-equivalent healthy years: 2.42. Conditional annual reference.

cash concentrated 20: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 17.05; all-population health QALYs: 21.30. Income-equivalent healthy years: 2.41. Conditional annual reference.

matched cash payer: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 17.05; all-population health QALYs: 21.30. Income-equivalent healthy years: 2.11. Conditional annual reference.

fixed budget cash displacement: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 17.05; all-population health QALYs: 21.30. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.71. Conditional annual reference.

outside school household cost: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 17.05; all-population health QALYs: 21.30. Income-equivalent healthy years: 1.51. Conditional annual reference.

school resources 25percent: Cost: $68.6M; Chicago health QALYs: 17.05; all-population health QALYs: 21.30. Income-equivalent healthy years: 2.42. Conditional annual reference.

annual full response: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 34.10; all-population health QALYs: 42.60. Income-equivalent healthy years: 4.84. Conditional annual reference.

high family burden: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 17.05; all-population health QALYs: 21.30. Income-equivalent healthy years: -4.49. Conditional annual reference.

low wow transfer: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 8.52; all-population health QALYs: 10.65. Income-equivalent healthy years: 2.42. Conditional annual reference.

one year wow health: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 34.10; all-population health QALYs: 42.60. Income-equivalent healthy years: 2.42. Conditional annual reference.

full union harm: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 11.91; all-population health QALYs: 15.56. Income-equivalent healthy years: 2.42. Conditional annual reference.

ITT graduation contrast: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 17.05; all-population health QALYs: 21.30. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.15. Conditional annual reference.

current graduation no effect: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 17.05; all-population health QALYs: 21.30. Income-equivalent healthy years: -1.46. Conditional annual reference.

later scaled zero: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 17.05; all-population health QALYs: 21.30. Income-equivalent healthy years: -1.46. Conditional annual reference.

low net earnings: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 17.05; all-population health QALYs: 21.30. Income-equivalent healthy years: -0.27. Conditional annual reference.

five year earnings: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 17.05; all-population health QALYs: 21.30. Income-equivalent healthy years: 4.82. Conditional annual reference.

later earnings: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 17.05; all-population health QALYs: 21.30. Income-equivalent healthy years: 2.20. Conditional annual reference.

no health delay: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 17.18; all-population health QALYs: 21.46. Income-equivalent healthy years: 2.42. Conditional annual reference.

lower household baseline: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 17.05; all-population health QALYs: 21.30. Income-equivalent healthy years: 4.66. Conditional annual reference.

all local: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 17.95; all-population health QALYs: 21.30. Income-equivalent healthy years: 2.55. Conditional annual reference.

three year cost mean: Cost: $52.7M; Chicago health QALYs: 17.05; all-population health QALYs: 21.30. Income-equivalent healthy years: 2.42. Conditional annual reference.

negative graduation change: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 17.05; all-population health QALYs: 21.30. Income-equivalent healthy years: -2.60. Conditional annual reference.

negative graduation no overlap: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 17.05; all-population health QALYs: 21.30. Income-equivalent healthy years: -2.60. Conditional annual reference.

cash withdrawal adverse: Cost: $54.9M; Chicago health QALYs: 17.05; all-population health QALYs: 21.30. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.83. Conditional annual reference.

Counterfactual: Existing school/community counseling, alternative mentoring/assistance, public funding replacement and later employment continue.

Attribution: Annual funding response judged; WOW utility model transferred, BAM graduation early IV and future resources not current causal observations.

Conditional reference, not calibrated full portfolio or world-net EV. Family overlap/cash recipients/school costs/marginal donor unknown.

Sensitivity

  • Clinical null, no income and full unknown retain full costs and union harms
  • BAM first-trial ITT versus IV, current null, signed net earnings, delay and duration
  • Cash concentration and withdrawal; household aggregation and joint sibling households
  • School resources and distinct displaced-beneficiary or public-budget counterparty costs

Unresolved inputs

  • Unique completed courses, dose, grades and residence
  • Household overlap, actual paid cash recipients, allocations and process burdens
  • Current causal BAM graduation and net resources; WOW duration and utility mapping
  • Unrecognized school opportunity costs, public funding replacement and priced marginal capacity

Health and income breakdown

For the modeled $54.9M: 17.05 health QALYs + 2.42 income-equivalent healthy years in Chicago: $2.8M per DALY. Income equivalents are welfare comparisons, not observed QALYs or DALYs.

Method and caveats.

5. Funding and previous grants

FY2025 audit reports government grants $28,749,724, revenue $46,408,813 and an $8,243,872 net-asset decline. Net assets total $40,156,046, but $19,197,138 is donor restricted and $17,003,852 board designated; $5,273,375 financial assets are available for general expenditure within one year. $800,000 was drawn against the $10 million callable line of credit. These figures indicate funding and cash-flow constraints but do not establish a priced marginal expansion. The current Bright Futures campaign seeks a $30 million impact fund and $50 million endowment; campaign scale is not immediate clinical capacity. Existing school counseling, mentoring, public contracts and other family assistance are relevant alternatives. Ask for a funded counselor/caseload tranche, its grade/dose/Chicago share, substitution, school resource costs and cash targeting. No next-gift price or complete annual portfolio EV is verified.

Annual expenses

Organization-level spending, including programs, administration and fundraising. The research list averages three comparable, consecutive full fiscal years when available.

  • FY 2023: $47.1M; Youth Guidance, 12-month period, Audited whole national recipient accrual expenses plus separately netted direct event benefits; donated inputs already included.. Source
  • FY 2024: $56.3M; Youth Guidance, 12-month period, Audited whole national recipient accrual expenses plus separately netted direct event benefits; donated inputs already included.. Source
  • FY 2025: $54.9M; Youth Guidance, 12-month period, Audited whole national recipient accrual expenses plus separately netted direct event benefits; donated inputs already included.. Source

6. Sources

  1. FY2025 audited financial statements. Youth Guidance / Desmond & Ahern. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-05.
  2. FY2024 audited financial statements with FY2023 comparatives. Youth Guidance / Desmond & Ahern. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-05.
  3. FY2025 annual report, national reach and local programs (pages 6, 15–17). Youth Guidance. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-05.
  4. Bhatt et al. 2023 randomized WOW evaluation, Table 5. Science Advances. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-05.
  5. Pollack and Guryan final research report, NCJ 310163. US Department of Justice / study authors. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-05.
  6. 2026 national WOW program overview. Youth Guidance. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-05.
  7. Four randomized BAM studies, research overview. University of Chicago Crime Lab. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-05.
  8. Official giving page and recipient EIN. Youth Guidance. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-05.
  9. Chicago program scope. Youth Guidance. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-05.
  10. Bright Futures campaign. Youth Guidance. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-05.
  11. Vendor 99253665A contract list. City of Chicago. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-05.
  12. Original BAM randomized experiments: graduation contrasts. Quarterly Journal of Economics. Published: 2016-10-10; retrieved: 2026-10-05.