GiveBetter x California

Vision To Learn

School-based vision screening, eye examinations and eyeglasses

Research time: ~7 min on GPT-6 Astra Light + ~8 min on GPT-6 Astra Medium + ~15 min on GPT-6.1 Sol
  • Research — reviewed programs, finances and impact evidence.
  • Modeling — estimated costs, QALYs and uncertainty.
  • Source audit — checked claims, assumptions and calculations.

Updated: 2026-10-04

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Summary

What do they do? Vision To Learn brings vision care to students at school without charging their families. California is a substantial part of a national organization, so an ordinary gift also supports activity elsewhere. School-based delivery helps children obtain usable glasses without requiring families to arrange a separate clinic visit.

Why we’re interested in this organization:

  • A direct, understandable pathway removes logistical barriers to correctable vision care.

  • Randomized school-program evidence supports some educational benefits, and measured refraction supports immediate acuity improvement.

  • Recent original financial returns and a California public-funding route make the delivery and cost pathways inspectable.

Our main reservations:

  • California's marginal gift allocation is unknown; historical reach is not the next-dollar share.

  • The child health-utility gain and sustained counterfactual correction period are judgments, not measured QALYs.

  • Public reimbursement, restricted gifts and donated inputs can alter cash leverage; replacement needs require a current California course budget, and the latest audit download remains inaccessible.

What do you get for your dollar? $428K per DALY in California. DALY is our one-year comparison unit. QALY-based health gains and income-welfare equivalents retain their original assumptions; they are not measured clinical DALYs. National donation with California health and household-resource benefits.

Mobile examinations, prescribed glasses, supported correction and some first-year reading benefit. Normalization yields about 66.67 additional California courses, approximately 40 changing timely correction and 2.67 purchaser households saving an assumed net $50 once. These are modeled incremental outcomes, not reported current delivery.

1. What do they do?

The recipient is the national nonprofit Vision To Learn, EIN 45-3457853. Mobile clinics supply screenings, examinations and glasses in low-income school communities. The current site advertises $150 for a child's screening, exam and glasses; that is not verified marginal full-recipient cost. Current program and advertised contribution Ordinary donation route

The 2024–25 annual report's cumulative map shows 262,821 California children provided glasses out of 601,741 nationally (the report also labels the national total as pairs elsewhere), about 44%. This is historical reach, not a fiscal-year or marginal allocation. The report also describes new Dallas work and a two-year grant expanding services in Maryland, DC and New Jersey. Those outside-state benefits remain outside this edition's numerator. 2024–2025 Annual Report

2. Monitoring and information sharing

In a Baltimore cross-sectional study of 4,972 children prescribed glasses, 70% improved at least two lines in their better-seeing eye with refraction. Only 46% met the study's clinically significant refractive-error definition. Immediate best-corrected acuity is not sustained wear, utility or an untreated comparison. Visual acuity and refractive findings in children prescribed glasses

The Baltimore cluster randomized school intervention improved some reading outcomes after one year, but sustained achievement effects were not observed at two years. This supports a real intervention pathway while arguing against automatically crediting lifetime educational gains. Test scores are not converted into QALYs here. Cluster randomized school vision program academic outcomes

A Chinese cluster trial tested free glasses with teacher incentives against prescriptions alone, showing that dispensing and adherence interventions are distinct. Its setting and package do not measure California wear. Free glasses and teacher-incentive cluster randomized trial

Request unique children with a correction gap, delivered courses rather than pairs, observed wear over time, replacement costs, presenting/best-corrected acuity and alternative care. Avoid counting replacements or two pairs as two independently benefited children.

Follow-up evidence review: Huang et al. observed glasses use in 87% of 197 year-one completers, but fewer than two-thirds reported prescribed use; 66% required replacements. The study supplied two pairs and replacements. Point observation is not fraction of time worn, and selected completers are not all eligible children. The model retains effective use at 60% as a judgment, not a direct estimate. Mudie et al. found improved presenting acuity into the next school year, supporting continued correction with follow-up but not identifying child utility or a donor counterfactual.

3. Qualitative assessment

School delivery can reduce transportation, scheduling and caregiver barriers. Clearer vision can improve daily functioning even when an educational benefit is not captured by a health metric. Children needing specialist care also require a completed referral pathway rather than only screening.

The current model explicitly assesses household resources and later education-related earnings. It credits small, separately modeled purchase savings, but no central future earnings because the available trial measured reading rather than wages. Its one-year central correction window is a finite advantage over alternative care, not a claim that glasses work for only a year. The two-year favorable case requires continued effective correction and replacement resources within its assumed costs.

For a California-focused donor, the decisive question is the next funded route, staffing capacity and beneficiary mix. A national organization's California history alone cannot establish that an unrestricted gift stays in California.

The small average presenting-acuity deficit in the Baltimore follow-up makes adult blindness utilities an unsuitable shortcut. Child preference-weighted health gain remains unknown. Teasing and inappropriate prescriptions are possible burdens; the small health allowance is not a measured upper bound. No mortality benefit or additional lifetime survival is credited. A finite correction horizon already bounds duration; wear decay is tested independently from alternative care.

4. What do you get for your dollar?

GiveBetter estimates about $428K per DALY in California, including modeled child health and household resources. School delivery provides examinations, prescribed glasses and supported use at a moderate course cost; the benefit depends on changing timely correction and using the glasses. The following independent reassessment replaces, rather than preserves, the earlier health-only central estimate.

## Decision and independent anchor

The current provisional central California price is $428K per DALY, versus historical $200K. For $100,000: California health .2322944218698827; household-resource equivalent .0013277521908684907; total .23362217406075114. All-region health .5807360546747067, income .0033193804771712264: do not apply California attribution twice. This is a judgmental estimate, not measured local QALYs or validated marginal donation response. The change follows a new smaller generic-child-utility judgment and a coherent all-in course cost; neither is derived by subtracting cash from the old total or selected to target a price.

The Baltimore randomized school program found a small one-year iReady reading effect (.09 SD, P=.02), no PARCC reading effect, and no sustained two-year effect. It measured no earnings. This supports an educational native outcome, not a lifetime earnings or generic-utility conversion. Original JAMA: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/2783867 . School follow-up found mean presenting distance acuity .14 to .05 logMAR. The utility bridge remains much less secure than the visual-acuity bridge.

Mannava's original child EQ-5D-Y study (DOI 10.1186/s13561-024-00552-0) is uncontrolled, hospital-based, includes mixed pathologies/treatments, and uses foreign value sets/proxies in younger children. Its mild best-corrected impairment subgroup median change .02 is neither a refractive-only causal effect nor a mean individual spectacle gain. Baltimore children had substantially milder presenting impairment. We use .01 utility while effectively corrected as a small positive generic-health prior reflecting severity, setting and measurement uncertainty. It is not an empirical half-effect. Alternatives .005/.02/zero/negative remain decisive. The original .02 may remain a sensitivity, not the independently preferred point. Native acuity/reading benefits may persist even if generic utility is zero.

## Exact central inputs and equations

G=100000; C=300 cash/all-in per unique completed one-year supported course; financial additionality a=.5; California share g=.4; portfolio assignment k=1; unmet timely adequate correction p=.6; time-average wear w=.6; u=.01; T=1 year; delay d=.125; r=.03; acute adaptation/teasing harm h=.00005 health-years per additional completed course at dispensing. Household-distinct fraction z=.8; counterfactual purchaser fraction b=.05; net one-off household saving S=50; annual household resource baseline Y=50000. Caregiver/future earnings central zero; induced failed applicants central zero; donor fees central zero.

N=G*a/C=166.66666666666666 additional unique supported courses. Financial replacement a is separate from recipient access p: a asks whether the donation expands provision, p asks whether an additional course changes the child's timely correction. They must not be collapsed or repeated. Cost300 is already all-in: do not multiply budget by historical f=.8 again. A transparent working allocation is175 examination/device,50 outreach/clinic,50 support,25 replacement; these are analyst allowances, not reported invoices. The denominator is a course, not a pair or every exam.

Let L=(1+r)^(-d), A=L*[1-exp(-ln(1+r)*T)]/ln(1+r), with A=T when r=0. All-region H=k*N*(p*w*u*A-h*L). California health=g*H. The harm begins at dispensing like benefit; it is not multiplied by unmet status/wear. A=.9817310906700654. One-year exposure is an incremental supported/catch-up window, not a claim glasses stop working at a year. The warranty supports that finite window. A two-year case doubles C to600 rather than receiving a free unsupported second course.

Distinct households N*z=133.33333333333334. Purchaser households N*z*b=6.666666666666667. Income-equivalent I=k*.5*N*z*b*log(1+S/Y)*L. It is a single receipt, normalized to a one-year household resource change, not a recurrent annual50-dollar gain. The inspectable economic inputs are people=N*z, causalShare=b, years=1, annualIncomeBeforeUSD=Y, annualIncomeGainUSD=S, delayYears=d, discountRate=r, editionShare=g, independentShare=k. Do not apply savings to every family member. California total=g*(H+I+B); price=G*(1+fee)/total if total>0, otherwise null. editionQalys records health only; economic effects are added separately once.

## Counterfactual, overlap and resources

Central .6 unmet and .05 purchasers are disjoint. The remaining .35 already obtains adequate timely correction, uses another route or has no incremental benefit. Purchasers get the same correction in the counterfactual, so no additional clinical credit; unmet children cannot save a purchase they would never make. The .05 purchaser incidence and $50 net saving are explicit low-income school-catchment judgments: Medicaid/CHIP/free alternatives make full retail-price savings inappropriate, while incomplete coverage and family purchase routes make literal zero savings too strong as a general prior. Net saving excludes insurer payment and fundraising sticker prices. z=.8 recognizes siblings/repeated household courses; it is unmeasured locally and should be tested .5–1. Y is a whole-household annual-resource reference, not per-person earnings; $25K/$100K cases expose uncertainty.

Caregiver time is a real potential benefit but not automatically realized cash. Central excludes it. A disjoint covered-clinic stratum .2 with net20 one-off household resources is conditional on avoided travel expenses or actual paid-work realization; ordinary time saved remains native time, not income. Central education earnings0 means unidentified cash effect, not proof no eventual benefit. Conditional future case: .05 of unmet children receive an incremental500 annual resources on baseline50K for one year at year10; no link from .09 SD to500 is established. It is an explicit stress case, not empirical education-to-wage evidence. Future income is temporally/outcome-distinct from first-year visual health, so no automatic overlap subtraction; any broad psychosocial utility overlap remains a sensitivity judgment.

Negative purchaser resources (-50) retain sign. Induced failed-access case a=0,20 new households lose10 each at d produces CA burden -.0007971292894102223 and null price. This is only additional exposure caused by the gift, never unchanged baseline pickup effort. Literal no change a=0 and exposure0 gives zero. Portfolio assignment applies once to all attributed program effects, including induced burden; no subjective scenario probabilities. Recipient costs are not charged again to donor budget.

## Fresh finances, operations and feasibility

Original national EIN45-3457853 returns: FY2023 expense19,589,987; FY2024 24,131,355; FY2025 25,497,887. Comparable three-year mean 23,073,076.333333332. FY2025 program20,761,273, admin3,314,355, fundraising1,422,259; revenue28,180,734. Restricted net assets15,354,367 and unrestricted3,651,603 are June2025 balances, not current available cash. Government grants3,778,592; Medicaid fees2,576,632; CHIP751,020. Noncash contribution revenue of1,359,892 has not been independently reconciled with expense recognition or cash outlay; it is not an extra verified cash margin. FY25 national93,225 pairs,107,520 exams and273,618 screens are different outputs, not unique additional CA children. Whole expense/pair273.5091 is an annual expense sanity check. Expense less noncash contribution revenue per pair258.9219 is an unreconciled arithmetic proxy, not verified cash expense, measured course cost or marginal capacity. This supports a300 all-in judgment with250/400 alternatives, not a precise new quote.

Current official site and annual-report links establish continued operation; $150 fundraising pitch is not an all-in incremental quote. The annual-report page lists a new 2025 PDF but latest openly listed audit link2022; no fresh FY25 audit opinion verified. Current glasses page describes6–8week delivery and one-year repair/replacement; how-it-works says about2weeks. Delay.125 is a conservative shared prior, with2/8week cases, not a measured donation-to-service lag. Huang2019 follow-up:87% observed wearing among197 completers but fewer than two-thirds reported prescribed use;66% required replacement and two pairs were initially supplied. Consequently use .6 time-average wear, not observed87% multiplied again or a second device-survival filter.

DHCS currently names VTL as an eligible California MOS provider. Historic2018 evaluation66% Medicaid-eligible examinees lacked Medicaid-funded eye care over prior4years; it is not the current unmet fraction. MOS requires certification/contract and approved donor arrangements; CHIP may require private funding, but no automatic marginal match is verified. CA .4 is a conditional national-donation allocation prior close to cumulative historical44%, not a measured next-gift share. A CA-restricted gift may use1 only with verified scope; national gift may be0. No current $100K tranche or long-run capacity is confirmed. Gross external Medicaid, donated goods and school time remain separate from household income and donor cash; no hypothetical match centrally.

The historical $200K estimate is retained below for comparison, not used for current ranking. The current price is a conditional analyst scenario, not a measured California return or a verified next-dollar offer. Source receipts and an executable calculator accompany the independent review.

Model, assumptions and sensitivity

Entire ordinary national gift at all-in supported-course cash cost; gross external inputs separate.

California health and each economic channel receive marginal geographic attribution once.

N=G*a/C; L=(1+r)^(-d); A=L*integral_0^T exp(-ln(1+r)*t)dt; H=k*N*(p*w*u*A-h*L); purchaserI=.5*k*N*z*b*ln(1+S/Y)*L. Add separately timed signed resource channels once. CA=(H+I)*g; Price10=10*G*(1+fee)/CA if positive.

gift
100000 USD (judgment). Budget normalization, not a suggested gift.
cost
300 USD (judgment). All-in unique-child supported course including support/replacement; no additional80% budget multiplier. [99025] [glasses-current]
additionality
0.5 model parameter (judgment). Incremental delivery after funding substitution, separate from timely correction. [mosfaq]
ca
0.4 model parameter (judgment). Marginal national benefit fraction, not historical reach. [annual25]
unmet
0.6 model parameter (judgment). Timely-correction gap; disjoint from purchaser/caregiver strata. [mos]
wear
0.6 model parameter (judgment). Average effective wear, not observed point compliance. [breds-wear]
utility
0.01 model parameter (judgment). Small local generic-child utility judgment; foreign uncontrolled median is not an empirical half-effect. [child-utility] [breds-acuity]
years
1 years (judgment). Finite supported incremental correction window; two-year case doubles cost. [glasses-current] [rct]
delay
0.125 years (judgment). Dispensing delay for benefits, burdens and one-off receipts.
discount
0.03 model parameter (judgment). Annual rate with exact finite clinical integral.
harm
0.00005 model parameter (judgment). Acute burden per additional course at dispensing; not filtered by wear/unmet.
households
0.8 model parameter (judgment). Distinct household fraction; siblings do not create several income baselines.
purchasers
0.05 model parameter (judgment). Disjoint families otherwise purchasing adequate correction.
saving
50 USD (judgment). Net household saving once, not insurer payment or annual repeated cash. [cg-comparison] [mosfaq]
baseline
50000 USD (judgment). Whole-household annual resource reference, not measured income. [cg-comparison]
caregiverShare
0 model parameter (judgment). Disjoint conditional cash-realization stratum; zero centrally.
caregiverGain
0 USD (judgment). Actual net cash/paid-work benefit; hours saved are not automatically income.
educationShare
0 model parameter (judgment). Future resource responders among unmet children; zero centrally. [rct]
educationGain
0 USD (judgment). Conditional net annual resources, not empirical reading-to-wage conversion. [rct]
educationYears
1 years (judgment). Finite income window, not lifetime stream.
educationDelay
10 years (judgment). Positive future income starts after clinical window.
inducedApplicants
0 model parameter (judgment). Additional unsuccessful households caused by gift, not baseline effort.
applicantLoss
0 USD (judgment). Signed one-off resource loss; persists when delivery additionality zero.
assignment
1 model parameter (judgment). Program credit applied once to attributable effects.
fee
0 model parameter (judgment). Additional donor fee fraction, zero centrally.
externalPerCourse
0 USD (judgment). Gross associated resources absent from cash cost, not household income; zero centrally.

Current independent health-and-income estimate: Cost: $100K; California health QALYs: 0.23; all-population health QALYs: 0.58. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. {"gift":100000,"cost":300,"additionality":0.5,"ca":0.4,"unmet":0.6,"wear":0.6,"utility":0.01,"years":1,"delay":0.125,"discount":0.03,"harm":0.00005,"households":0.8,"purchasers":0.05,"saving":50,"baseline":50000,"caregiverShare":0,"caregiverGain":0,"educationShare":0,"educationGain":0,"educationYears":1,"educationDelay":10,"inducedApplicants":0,"applicantLoss":0,"assignment":1,"fee":0,"externalPerCourse":0}; modeled additional national courses 166.66666666666666; distinct households 133.33333333333334; California health 0.2322944218698827, resource equivalent 0.0013277521908684907; gross associated resource cost 100000. Independent judgment scenario, not a confidence interval or funding offer.

Extra Resources: Cost: $100K; California health QALYs: 0.23; all-population health QALYs: 0.58. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. {"gift":100000,"cost":300,"additionality":0.5,"ca":0.4,"unmet":0.6,"wear":0.6,"utility":0.01,"years":1,"delay":0.125,"discount":0.03,"harm":0.00005,"households":0.8,"purchasers":0.05,"saving":50,"baseline":50000,"caregiverShare":0,"caregiverGain":0,"educationShare":0,"educationGain":0,"educationYears":1,"educationDelay":10,"inducedApplicants":0,"applicantLoss":0,"assignment":1,"fee":0,"externalPerCourse":40}; modeled additional national courses 166.66666666666666; distinct households 133.33333333333334; California health 0.2322944218698827, resource equivalent 0.0013277521908684907; gross associated resource cost 113333.33333333333. Independent judgment scenario, not a confidence interval or funding offer.

Health Only: Cost: $100K; California health QALYs: 0.23; all-population health QALYs: 0.58. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. {"gift":100000,"cost":300,"additionality":0.5,"ca":0.4,"unmet":0.6,"wear":0.6,"utility":0.01,"years":1,"delay":0.125,"discount":0.03,"harm":0.00005,"households":0.8,"purchasers":0.05,"saving":0,"baseline":50000,"caregiverShare":0,"caregiverGain":0,"educationShare":0,"educationGain":0,"educationYears":1,"educationDelay":10,"inducedApplicants":0,"applicantLoss":0,"assignment":1,"fee":0,"externalPerCourse":0}; modeled additional national courses 166.66666666666666; distinct households 133.33333333333334; California health 0.2322944218698827, resource equivalent 0; gross associated resource cost 100000. Independent judgment scenario, not a confidence interval or funding offer.

No Income Evidence: Cost: $100K; California health QALYs: 0.23; all-population health QALYs: 0.58. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. {"gift":100000,"cost":300,"additionality":0.5,"ca":0.4,"unmet":0.6,"wear":0.6,"utility":0.01,"years":1,"delay":0.125,"discount":0.03,"harm":0.00005,"households":0.8,"purchasers":0.05,"saving":0,"baseline":50000,"caregiverShare":0,"caregiverGain":0,"educationShare":0,"educationGain":0,"educationYears":1,"educationDelay":10,"inducedApplicants":0,"applicantLoss":0,"assignment":1,"fee":0,"externalPerCourse":0}; modeled additional national courses 166.66666666666666; distinct households 133.33333333333334; California health 0.2322944218698827, resource equivalent 0; gross associated resource cost 100000. Independent judgment scenario, not a confidence interval or funding offer.

No Health: Cost: $100K; California health QALYs: 0.00; all-population health QALYs: 0.00. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. {"gift":100000,"cost":300,"additionality":0.5,"ca":0.4,"unmet":0.6,"wear":0.6,"utility":0,"years":1,"delay":0.125,"discount":0.03,"harm":0,"households":0.8,"purchasers":0.05,"saving":50,"baseline":50000,"caregiverShare":0,"caregiverGain":0,"educationShare":0,"educationGain":0,"educationYears":1,"educationDelay":10,"inducedApplicants":0,"applicantLoss":0,"assignment":1,"fee":0,"externalPerCourse":0}; modeled additional national courses 166.66666666666666; distinct households 133.33333333333334; California health 0, resource equivalent 0.0013277521908684907; gross associated resource cost 100000. Independent judgment scenario, not a confidence interval or funding offer.

Lower Utility: Cost: $100K; California health QALYs: 0.11; all-population health QALYs: 0.29. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. {"gift":100000,"cost":300,"additionality":0.5,"ca":0.4,"unmet":0.6,"wear":0.6,"utility":0.005,"years":1,"delay":0.125,"discount":0.03,"harm":0.00005,"households":0.8,"purchasers":0.05,"saving":50,"baseline":50000,"caregiverShare":0,"caregiverGain":0,"educationShare":0,"educationGain":0,"educationYears":1,"educationDelay":10,"inducedApplicants":0,"applicantLoss":0,"assignment":1,"fee":0,"externalPerCourse":0}; modeled additional national courses 166.66666666666666; distinct households 133.33333333333334; California health 0.11448669098947484, resource equivalent 0.0013277521908684907; gross associated resource cost 100000. Independent judgment scenario, not a confidence interval or funding offer.

Hospital Mild Proxy: Cost: $100K; California health QALYs: 0.47; all-population health QALYs: 1.17. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. {"gift":100000,"cost":300,"additionality":0.5,"ca":0.4,"unmet":0.6,"wear":0.6,"utility":0.02,"years":1,"delay":0.125,"discount":0.03,"harm":0.00005,"households":0.8,"purchasers":0.05,"saving":50,"baseline":50000,"caregiverShare":0,"caregiverGain":0,"educationShare":0,"educationGain":0,"educationYears":1,"educationDelay":10,"inducedApplicants":0,"applicantLoss":0,"assignment":1,"fee":0,"externalPerCourse":0}; modeled additional national courses 166.66666666666666; distinct households 133.33333333333334; California health 0.46790988363069835, resource equivalent 0.0013277521908684907; gross associated resource cost 100000. Independent judgment scenario, not a confidence interval or funding offer.

No Generic Utility: Cost: $100K; California health QALYs: 0.00; all-population health QALYs: -0.01. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. {"gift":100000,"cost":300,"additionality":0.5,"ca":0.4,"unmet":0.6,"wear":0.6,"utility":0,"years":1,"delay":0.125,"discount":0.03,"harm":0.00005,"households":0.8,"purchasers":0.05,"saving":50,"baseline":50000,"caregiverShare":0,"caregiverGain":0,"educationShare":0,"educationGain":0,"educationYears":1,"educationDelay":10,"inducedApplicants":0,"applicantLoss":0,"assignment":1,"fee":0,"externalPerCourse":0}; modeled additional national courses 166.66666666666666; distinct households 133.33333333333334; California health -0.003321039890932992, resource equivalent 0.0013277521908684907; gross associated resource cost 100000. Independent judgment scenario, not a confidence interval or funding offer.

Higher Cost: Cost: $100K; California health QALYs: 0.17; all-population health QALYs: 0.44. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. {"gift":100000,"cost":400,"additionality":0.5,"ca":0.4,"unmet":0.6,"wear":0.6,"utility":0.01,"years":1,"delay":0.125,"discount":0.03,"harm":0.00005,"households":0.8,"purchasers":0.05,"saving":50,"baseline":50000,"caregiverShare":0,"caregiverGain":0,"educationShare":0,"educationGain":0,"educationYears":1,"educationDelay":10,"inducedApplicants":0,"applicantLoss":0,"assignment":1,"fee":0,"externalPerCourse":0}; modeled additional national courses 125; distinct households 100; California health 0.17422081640241202, resource equivalent 0.0009958141431513677; gross associated resource cost 100000. Independent judgment scenario, not a confidence interval or funding offer.

Lower Cost: Cost: $100K; California health QALYs: 0.28; all-population health QALYs: 0.70. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. {"gift":100000,"cost":250,"additionality":0.5,"ca":0.4,"unmet":0.6,"wear":0.6,"utility":0.01,"years":1,"delay":0.125,"discount":0.03,"harm":0.00005,"households":0.8,"purchasers":0.05,"saving":50,"baseline":50000,"caregiverShare":0,"caregiverGain":0,"educationShare":0,"educationGain":0,"educationYears":1,"educationDelay":10,"inducedApplicants":0,"applicantLoss":0,"assignment":1,"fee":0,"externalPerCourse":0}; modeled additional national courses 200; distinct households 160; California health 0.27875330624385924, resource equivalent 0.0015933026290421886; gross associated resource cost 100000. Independent judgment scenario, not a confidence interval or funding offer.

Low Unmet: Cost: $100K; California health QALYs: 0.11; all-population health QALYs: 0.29. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. {"gift":100000,"cost":300,"additionality":0.5,"ca":0.4,"unmet":0.3,"wear":0.6,"utility":0.01,"years":1,"delay":0.125,"discount":0.03,"harm":0.00005,"households":0.8,"purchasers":0.05,"saving":50,"baseline":50000,"caregiverShare":0,"caregiverGain":0,"educationShare":0,"educationGain":0,"educationYears":1,"educationDelay":10,"inducedApplicants":0,"applicantLoss":0,"assignment":1,"fee":0,"externalPerCourse":0}; modeled additional national courses 166.66666666666666; distinct households 133.33333333333334; California health 0.11448669098947484, resource equivalent 0.0013277521908684907; gross associated resource cost 100000. Independent judgment scenario, not a confidence interval or funding offer.

High Unmet: Cost: $100K; California health QALYs: 0.31; all-population health QALYs: 0.78. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. {"gift":100000,"cost":300,"additionality":0.5,"ca":0.4,"unmet":0.8,"wear":0.6,"utility":0.01,"years":1,"delay":0.125,"discount":0.03,"harm":0.00005,"households":0.8,"purchasers":0.05,"saving":50,"baseline":50000,"caregiverShare":0,"caregiverGain":0,"educationShare":0,"educationGain":0,"educationYears":1,"educationDelay":10,"inducedApplicants":0,"applicantLoss":0,"assignment":1,"fee":0,"externalPerCourse":0}; modeled additional national courses 166.66666666666666; distinct households 133.33333333333334; California health 0.3108329091234879, resource equivalent 0.0013277521908684907; gross associated resource cost 100000. Independent judgment scenario, not a confidence interval or funding offer.

Low Wear: Cost: $100K; California health QALYs: 0.15; all-population health QALYs: 0.38. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. {"gift":100000,"cost":300,"additionality":0.5,"ca":0.4,"unmet":0.6,"wear":0.4,"utility":0.01,"years":1,"delay":0.125,"discount":0.03,"harm":0.00005,"households":0.8,"purchasers":0.05,"saving":50,"baseline":50000,"caregiverShare":0,"caregiverGain":0,"educationShare":0,"educationGain":0,"educationYears":1,"educationDelay":10,"inducedApplicants":0,"applicantLoss":0,"assignment":1,"fee":0,"externalPerCourse":0}; modeled additional national courses 166.66666666666666; distinct households 133.33333333333334; California health 0.15375593461627746, resource equivalent 0.0013277521908684907; gross associated resource cost 100000. Independent judgment scenario, not a confidence interval or funding offer.

High Wear: Cost: $100K; California health QALYs: 0.31; all-population health QALYs: 0.78. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. {"gift":100000,"cost":300,"additionality":0.5,"ca":0.4,"unmet":0.6,"wear":0.8,"utility":0.01,"years":1,"delay":0.125,"discount":0.03,"harm":0.00005,"households":0.8,"purchasers":0.05,"saving":50,"baseline":50000,"caregiverShare":0,"caregiverGain":0,"educationShare":0,"educationGain":0,"educationYears":1,"educationDelay":10,"inducedApplicants":0,"applicantLoss":0,"assignment":1,"fee":0,"externalPerCourse":0}; modeled additional national courses 166.66666666666666; distinct households 133.33333333333334; California health 0.3108329091234879, resource equivalent 0.0013277521908684907; gross associated resource cost 100000. Independent judgment scenario, not a confidence interval or funding offer.

Short Exposure: Cost: $100K; California health QALYs: 0.12; all-population health QALYs: 0.29. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. {"gift":100000,"cost":300,"additionality":0.5,"ca":0.4,"unmet":0.6,"wear":0.6,"utility":0.01,"years":0.5,"delay":0.125,"discount":0.03,"harm":0.00005,"households":0.8,"purchasers":0.05,"saving":50,"baseline":50000,"caregiverShare":0,"caregiverGain":0,"educationShare":0,"educationGain":0,"educationYears":1,"educationDelay":10,"inducedApplicants":0,"applicantLoss":0,"assignment":1,"fee":0,"externalPerCourse":0}; modeled additional national courses 166.66666666666666; distinct households 133.33333333333334; California health 0.11535723899823656, resource equivalent 0.0013277521908684907; gross associated resource cost 100000. Independent judgment scenario, not a confidence interval or funding offer.

Longer Supported Exposure: Cost: $100K; California health QALYs: 0.23; all-population health QALYs: 0.58. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. {"gift":100000,"cost":600,"additionality":0.5,"ca":0.4,"unmet":0.6,"wear":0.6,"utility":0.01,"years":2,"delay":0.125,"discount":0.03,"harm":0.00005,"households":0.8,"purchasers":0.05,"saving":50,"baseline":50000,"caregiverShare":0,"caregiverGain":0,"educationShare":0,"educationGain":0,"educationYears":1,"educationDelay":10,"inducedApplicants":0,"applicantLoss":0,"assignment":1,"fee":0,"externalPerCourse":0}; modeled additional national courses 83.33333333333333; distinct households 66.66666666666667; California health 0.23052364868291014, resource equivalent 0.0006638760954342453; gross associated resource cost 100000. Independent judgment scenario, not a confidence interval or funding offer.

No Funding: Cost: $100K; California health QALYs: 0.00; all-population health QALYs: 0.00. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. {"gift":100000,"cost":300,"additionality":0,"ca":0.4,"unmet":0.6,"wear":0.6,"utility":0.01,"years":1,"delay":0.125,"discount":0.03,"harm":0.00005,"households":0.8,"purchasers":0.05,"saving":50,"baseline":50000,"caregiverShare":0,"caregiverGain":0,"educationShare":0,"educationGain":0,"educationYears":1,"educationDelay":10,"inducedApplicants":0,"applicantLoss":0,"assignment":1,"fee":0,"externalPerCourse":0}; modeled additional national courses 0; distinct households 0; California health 0, resource equivalent 0; gross associated resource cost 100000. Independent judgment scenario, not a confidence interval or funding offer.

No CA: Cost: $100K; California health QALYs: 0.00; all-population health QALYs: 0.58. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. {"gift":100000,"cost":300,"additionality":0.5,"ca":0,"unmet":0.6,"wear":0.6,"utility":0.01,"years":1,"delay":0.125,"discount":0.03,"harm":0.00005,"households":0.8,"purchasers":0.05,"saving":50,"baseline":50000,"caregiverShare":0,"caregiverGain":0,"educationShare":0,"educationGain":0,"educationYears":1,"educationDelay":10,"inducedApplicants":0,"applicantLoss":0,"assignment":1,"fee":0,"externalPerCourse":0}; modeled additional national courses 166.66666666666666; distinct households 133.33333333333334; California health 0, resource equivalent 0; gross associated resource cost 100000. Independent judgment scenario, not a confidence interval or funding offer.

No Assignment: Cost: $100K; California health QALYs: 0.00; all-population health QALYs: 0.00. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. {"gift":100000,"cost":300,"additionality":0.5,"ca":0.4,"unmet":0.6,"wear":0.6,"utility":0.01,"years":1,"delay":0.125,"discount":0.03,"harm":0.00005,"households":0.8,"purchasers":0.05,"saving":50,"baseline":50000,"caregiverShare":0,"caregiverGain":0,"educationShare":0,"educationGain":0,"educationYears":1,"educationDelay":10,"inducedApplicants":0,"applicantLoss":0,"assignment":0,"fee":0,"externalPerCourse":0}; modeled additional national courses 166.66666666666666; distinct households 133.33333333333334; California health 0, resource equivalent 0; gross associated resource cost 100000. Independent judgment scenario, not a confidence interval or funding offer.

No Purchasers: Cost: $100K; California health QALYs: 0.23; all-population health QALYs: 0.58. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. {"gift":100000,"cost":300,"additionality":0.5,"ca":0.4,"unmet":0.6,"wear":0.6,"utility":0.01,"years":1,"delay":0.125,"discount":0.03,"harm":0.00005,"households":0.8,"purchasers":0,"saving":50,"baseline":50000,"caregiverShare":0,"caregiverGain":0,"educationShare":0,"educationGain":0,"educationYears":1,"educationDelay":10,"inducedApplicants":0,"applicantLoss":0,"assignment":1,"fee":0,"externalPerCourse":0}; modeled additional national courses 166.66666666666666; distinct households 133.33333333333334; California health 0.2322944218698827, resource equivalent 0; gross associated resource cost 100000. Independent judgment scenario, not a confidence interval or funding offer.

High Purchaser Savings: Cost: $100K; California health QALYs: 0.23; all-population health QALYs: 0.58. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.01. {"gift":100000,"cost":300,"additionality":0.5,"ca":0.4,"unmet":0.6,"wear":0.6,"utility":0.01,"years":1,"delay":0.125,"discount":0.03,"harm":0.00005,"households":0.8,"purchasers":0.2,"saving":100,"baseline":50000,"caregiverShare":0,"caregiverGain":0,"educationShare":0,"educationGain":0,"educationYears":1,"educationDelay":10,"inducedApplicants":0,"applicantLoss":0,"assignment":1,"fee":0,"externalPerCourse":0}; modeled additional national courses 166.66666666666666; distinct households 133.33333333333334; California health 0.2322944218698827, resource equivalent 0.010616714471884087; gross associated resource cost 100000. Independent judgment scenario, not a confidence interval or funding offer.

Lower Household Resources: Cost: $100K; California health QALYs: 0.23; all-population health QALYs: 0.58. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. {"gift":100000,"cost":300,"additionality":0.5,"ca":0.4,"unmet":0.6,"wear":0.6,"utility":0.01,"years":1,"delay":0.125,"discount":0.03,"harm":0.00005,"households":0.8,"purchasers":0.05,"saving":50,"baseline":25000,"caregiverShare":0,"caregiverGain":0,"educationShare":0,"educationGain":0,"educationYears":1,"educationDelay":10,"inducedApplicants":0,"applicantLoss":0,"assignment":1,"fee":0,"externalPerCourse":0}; modeled additional national courses 166.66666666666666; distinct households 133.33333333333334; California health 0.2322944218698827, resource equivalent 0.0026541786179710217; gross associated resource cost 100000. Independent judgment scenario, not a confidence interval or funding offer.

High Household Resources: Cost: $100K; California health QALYs: 0.23; all-population health QALYs: 0.58. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. {"gift":100000,"cost":300,"additionality":0.5,"ca":0.4,"unmet":0.6,"wear":0.6,"utility":0.01,"years":1,"delay":0.125,"discount":0.03,"harm":0.00005,"households":0.8,"purchasers":0.05,"saving":50,"baseline":100000,"caregiverShare":0,"caregiverGain":0,"educationShare":0,"educationGain":0,"educationYears":1,"educationDelay":10,"inducedApplicants":0,"applicantLoss":0,"assignment":1,"fee":0,"externalPerCourse":0}; modeled additional national courses 166.66666666666666; distinct households 133.33333333333334; California health 0.2322944218698827, resource equivalent 0.0006640419815219685; gross associated resource cost 100000. Independent judgment scenario, not a confidence interval or funding offer.

Caregiver Conditional: Cost: $100K; California health QALYs: 0.23; all-population health QALYs: 0.58. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. {"gift":100000,"cost":300,"additionality":0.5,"ca":0.4,"unmet":0.6,"wear":0.6,"utility":0.01,"years":1,"delay":0.125,"discount":0.03,"harm":0.00005,"households":0.8,"purchasers":0.05,"saving":50,"baseline":50000,"caregiverShare":0.2,"caregiverGain":20,"educationShare":0,"educationGain":0,"educationYears":1,"educationDelay":10,"inducedApplicants":0,"applicantLoss":0,"assignment":1,"fee":0,"externalPerCourse":0}; modeled additional national courses 166.66666666666666; distinct households 133.33333333333334; California health 0.2322944218698827, resource equivalent 0.0034527927412837315; gross associated resource cost 100000. Independent judgment scenario, not a confidence interval or funding offer.

Education Conditional: Cost: $100K; California health QALYs: 0.23; all-population health QALYs: 0.58. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.01. {"gift":100000,"cost":300,"additionality":0.5,"ca":0.4,"unmet":0.6,"wear":0.6,"utility":0.01,"years":1,"delay":0.125,"discount":0.03,"harm":0.00005,"households":0.8,"purchasers":0.05,"saving":50,"baseline":50000,"caregiverShare":0,"caregiverGain":0,"educationShare":0.05,"educationGain":500,"educationYears":1,"educationDelay":10,"inducedApplicants":0,"applicantLoss":0,"assignment":1,"fee":0,"externalPerCourse":0}; modeled additional national courses 166.66666666666666; distinct households 133.33333333333334; California health 0.2322944218698827, resource equivalent 0.00873173282992; gross associated resource cost 100000. Independent judgment scenario, not a confidence interval or funding offer.

Negative Resources: Cost: $100K; California health QALYs: 0.23; all-population health QALYs: 0.58. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. {"gift":100000,"cost":300,"additionality":0.5,"ca":0.4,"unmet":0.6,"wear":0.6,"utility":0.01,"years":1,"delay":0.125,"discount":0.03,"harm":0.00005,"households":0.8,"purchasers":0.05,"saving":-50,"baseline":50000,"caregiverShare":0,"caregiverGain":0,"educationShare":0,"educationGain":0,"educationYears":1,"educationDelay":10,"inducedApplicants":0,"applicantLoss":0,"assignment":1,"fee":0,"externalPerCourse":0}; modeled additional national courses 166.66666666666666; distinct households 133.33333333333334; California health 0.2322944218698827, resource equivalent -0.0013290806074890721; gross associated resource cost 100000. Independent judgment scenario, not a confidence interval or funding offer.

Induced Failed Access: Cost: $100K; California health QALYs: 0.00; all-population health QALYs: 0.00. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. {"gift":100000,"cost":300,"additionality":0,"ca":0.4,"unmet":0.6,"wear":0.6,"utility":0.01,"years":1,"delay":0.125,"discount":0.03,"harm":0.00005,"households":0.8,"purchasers":0.05,"saving":50,"baseline":50000,"caregiverShare":0,"caregiverGain":0,"educationShare":0,"educationGain":0,"educationYears":1,"educationDelay":10,"inducedApplicants":20,"applicantLoss":10,"assignment":1,"fee":0,"externalPerCourse":0}; modeled additional national courses 0; distinct households 0; California health 0, resource equivalent -0.0007971292894102223; gross associated resource cost 100000. Independent judgment scenario, not a confidence interval or funding offer.

All No Change: Cost: $100K; California health QALYs: 0.00; all-population health QALYs: 0.00. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. {"gift":100000,"cost":300,"additionality":0,"ca":0.4,"unmet":0.6,"wear":0.6,"utility":0.01,"years":1,"delay":0.125,"discount":0.03,"harm":0.00005,"households":0.8,"purchasers":0.05,"saving":50,"baseline":50000,"caregiverShare":0,"caregiverGain":0,"educationShare":0,"educationGain":0,"educationYears":1,"educationDelay":10,"inducedApplicants":0,"applicantLoss":0,"assignment":1,"fee":0,"externalPerCourse":0}; modeled additional national courses 0; distinct households 0; California health 0, resource equivalent 0; gross associated resource cost 100000. Independent judgment scenario, not a confidence interval or funding offer.

Adverse Clinical: Cost: $100K; California health QALYs: -0.12; all-population health QALYs: -0.30. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. {"gift":100000,"cost":300,"additionality":0.5,"ca":0.4,"unmet":0.6,"wear":0.6,"utility":-0.005,"years":1,"delay":0.125,"discount":0.03,"harm":0.00005,"households":0.8,"purchasers":0.05,"saving":50,"baseline":50000,"caregiverShare":0,"caregiverGain":0,"educationShare":0,"educationGain":0,"educationYears":1,"educationDelay":10,"inducedApplicants":0,"applicantLoss":0,"assignment":1,"fee":0,"externalPerCourse":0}; modeled additional national courses 166.66666666666666; distinct households 133.33333333333334; California health -0.12112877077134082, resource equivalent 0.0013277521908684907; gross associated resource cost 100000. Independent judgment scenario, not a confidence interval or funding offer.

Two Week Receipt: Cost: $100K; California health QALYs: 0.23; all-population health QALYs: 0.58. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. {"gift":100000,"cost":300,"additionality":0.5,"ca":0.4,"unmet":0.6,"wear":0.6,"utility":0.01,"years":1,"delay":0.038461538461538464,"discount":0.03,"harm":0.00005,"households":0.8,"purchasers":0.05,"saving":50,"baseline":50000,"caregiverShare":0,"caregiverGain":0,"educationShare":0,"educationGain":0,"educationYears":1,"educationDelay":10,"inducedApplicants":0,"applicantLoss":0,"assignment":1,"fee":0,"externalPerCourse":0}; modeled additional national courses 166.66666666666666; distinct households 133.33333333333334; California health 0.23288938541801718, resource equivalent 0.0013311528930814993; gross associated resource cost 100000. Independent judgment scenario, not a confidence interval or funding offer.

Eight Week Receipt: Cost: $100K; California health QALYs: 0.23; all-population health QALYs: 0.58. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. {"gift":100000,"cost":300,"additionality":0.5,"ca":0.4,"unmet":0.6,"wear":0.6,"utility":0.01,"years":1,"delay":0.15384615384615385,"discount":0.03,"harm":0.00005,"households":0.8,"purchasers":0.05,"saving":50,"baseline":50000,"caregiverShare":0,"caregiverGain":0,"educationShare":0,"educationGain":0,"educationYears":1,"educationDelay":10,"inducedApplicants":0,"applicantLoss":0,"assignment":1,"fee":0,"externalPerCourse":0}; modeled additional national courses 166.66666666666666; distinct households 133.33333333333334; California health 0.2320964386471352, resource equivalent 0.00132662055518115; gross associated resource cost 100000. Independent judgment scenario, not a confidence interval or funding offer.

Historical pre-recalibration health-only estimate (not current ranking): Cost: $100K; California health QALYs: 0.50; all-population health QALYs: 1.25. Income-equivalent healthy years: 0.00. {"G":100000,"f":0.8,"c":225,"a":0.5,"p":0.6,"w":0.6,"u":0.02,"T":1,"r":0.03,"d":0.125,"h":0.00005,"g":0.4,"fade":0,"M":0,"inkind":40,"school":0}; financed unique-child courses 355.55555555555554; additional CA course-equivalents 71.11111111111111; discounted effective CA child-years 25.132315921153673; gross resource cost 114222.22222222222; gross resource price per DALY 2288546.087174549. Assumption scenarios, not confidence intervals or offers.

Counterfactual: Separate new funded courses, unmet timely correction and families otherwise purchasing adequate glasses. Induced unsuccessful-applicant burden persists with zero additional completed delivery.

Attribution: Marginal national funding/California allocation are judgments; no automatic public match, no accounting output-to-health shortcut.

Utility, marginal costs, resources, households and allocation remain judgmental. No lifetime wage tail; scenarios are not confidence intervals.

Sensitivity

  • Current California estimate $428K per DALY; historical health-only $200K.
  • Health-only current utility/cost assumptions: about $430K; household savings are modest, not a wage multiplier.
  • Utility .005/.02, zero or adverse; supported half-year/two-year cases, with two-year cost doubled.
  • Cash course cost $250/$400; counterfactual need/wear/geography/funding each varied separately.
  • Purchaser savings0/$100, household baseline$25K/$100K, and signed resource losses.
  • Conditional caregiver cash and one year of future education resources; neither credited centrally.
  • Zero completed delivery with induced applicant costs can remain harmful; no-change and zero California attribution have no positive local price.
  • Extra gross resources absent from cash cost are a separate cost sensitivity, not household income or free output.

Unresolved inputs

  • Marginal California allocation and new unique supported courses
  • Fully loaded incremental course/replacement cash cost
  • Local causal generic-child utility and counterfactual correction duration
  • Distinct purchaser households, actual net savings and resource baselines
  • Causal later earnings and actual caregiver cash realization

Health and income breakdown

For the modeled $100K: 0.23 health QALYs + 0.00 income-equivalent healthy years in California: $428K per DALY. Income equivalents are welfare comparisons, not observed QALYs or DALYs.

Method and caveats.

5. Funding and previous grants

Accrual Form 990 total expenses were $19,589,987, $24,131,355 and $25,497,887 for June-ending fiscal years 2023–2025; the comparable mean is $23,073,076.33. The 2024 filing supplies 2023's comparative. Original FY June 2024 Form 990 and 2023 comparative

The 2025 return reports $20,761,273 program expense, $3,314,355 administration and $1,422,259 fundraising. It records 93,225 pairs and 107,520 examinations, outputs rather than health gains. Revenue is $28,180,734; net assets $19,005,970 include $15,354,367 restricted and $3,651,603 unrestricted. Government grants are $3,778,592; Medicaid/Medi-Cal fees $2,576,632 and CHIP fees $751,020. This mix requires funding-substitution analysis rather than assuming each donated dollar purchases otherwise absent care. Original FY June 2025 Form 990

The annual report uses a different funding summary from the tax return; those totals are not silently mixed. Donated optical inputs support delivery but are real resources, not evidence that all additional cash is unconstrained. 2024–2025 Annual Report

DHCS lists Vision To Learn as a MOS provider. Its cited 2018 evaluation found 66% of Medicaid-eligible examined children lacked Medicaid-funded vision care in the prior four years. This is not proof that they had no glasses from any source or a current 66% treatment gap. Mobile Optometric Services program

MOS combines private donations and federal funds, without State General Fund support. Provider qualification and contractual processes matter. MOS funding and provider requirements Donors must undergo DHCS conflict review and receive approval instructions, so the central model assumes no automatic extra public match. MOS donor approval process

The historical model included a hypothetical public-payment diagnostic. The current estimate assumes no new public match; a verified payment would require its own additional funded-course ledger rather than doubling the revised central automatically. Confirm eligible spending, approved donor status, reimbursement timing and whether those payments would occur without the gift.

The financial review re-read all three original returns, including the FY2023 return, and reconciled each Part IX total. Program/management/fundraising were $17,107,898/$1,754,929/$727,160 in FY2023; $21,216,025/$1,927,587/$987,743 in FY2024; and $20,761,273/$3,314,355/$1,422,259 in FY2025. The latest return includes $1,359,892 noncash contributions. Donated resources may already be recognized in accounting expenses: do not add them again to those totals. Cash plus temporary investments of $5,130,190 and pledges/grants receivable of $11,529,330 show why unrestricted net assets are not cash runway.

The regional program document is explicitly 2022–2023, not a current marginal roster. It establishes historical service in multiple California regions, including San Diego and the Sierras, beyond the Bay Area. The current DHCS provider listing confirms ongoing California operations; neither it nor the cumulative map measures the next-dollar share. The FY2025 audit listing was located, but its download returned security content; audit opinion and remediation remain unverified. Request the audit, a California gift-specific course budget, supported wear and replacement plan, and approved reimbursement terms before a recommendation. No contact, gift or matching approval has been made.

Annual expenses

Organization-level spending, including programs, administration and fundraising. The research list averages three comparable, consecutive full fiscal years when available.

  • FY 2023: $19.6M; Vision To Learn, EIN 45-3457853, 12-month period, Accrual Form 990 total expenses, June-ending fiscal year. Source
  • FY 2024: $24.1M; Vision To Learn, EIN 45-3457853, 12-month period, Accrual Form 990 total expenses, June-ending fiscal year. Source
  • FY 2025: $25.5M; Vision To Learn, EIN 45-3457853, 12-month period, Accrual Form 990 total expenses, June-ending fiscal year. Source

6. Sources

  1. Current program and advertised contribution. Vision To Learn. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-02.
  2. Ordinary donation route. Vision To Learn. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-09-13.
  3. 2024–2025 Annual Report. Vision To Learn. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-09-13.
  4. Original FY June 2025 Form 990. Vision To Learn / IRS via ProPublica. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-02.
  5. Original FY June 2024 Form 990 and 2023 comparative. Vision To Learn / IRS via ProPublica. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-02.
  6. Mobile Optometric Services program. California DHCS. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-02.
  7. MOS funding and provider requirements. California DHCS. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-02.
  8. MOS donor approval process. California DHCS. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-09-13.
  9. Visual acuity and refractive findings in children prescribed glasses. Guo et al., American Journal of Ophthalmology / Harvard. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-09-13.
  10. Cluster randomized school vision program academic outcomes. Neitzel et al., JAMA Ophthalmology. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-02.
  11. Free glasses and teacher-incentive cluster randomized trial. Yi et al., American Journal of Ophthalmology. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-09-13.
  12. Original FY June2023 Form990. Vision To Learn / IRS via ProPublica. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-02.
  13. BREDS compliance and satisfaction with glasses usage. Huang et al., J AAPOS. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-02.
  14. BREDS vision outcomes of school-based eye care. Mudie et al., Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-02.
  15. Historical California 2022–2023 regional program. Vision To Learn. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-09-29.
  16. FY2025 audit listing; underlying document inaccessible. ProPublica / Federal Audit Clearinghouse. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-09-29.
  17. Child EQ-5D-Y utility evidence; uncontrolled mixed-treatment hospital study. Mannava et al., Health Economics Review. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-02.
  18. Current delivery, repair and replacement support. Vision To Learn. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-02.
  19. Current school-based delivery process. Vision To Learn. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-02.
  20. Logarithmic household-resource and healthy-year comparison. Coefficient Giving. Published: not stated; retrieved: 2026-10-02.