{"edition":"new-york-city","organization":"Per Scholas","organizationId":"ein:04-3252955","boundaryVersion":"OMB-23-01-2023-07-21","updated":"2026-10-18","display":{"metric":{"id":"daly-equivalent","years":1,"label":"DALY","priceLabel":"$ / DALY"},"priceUSD":90287.85234103588,"canonicalPriceUSDPerTenEquivalentYears":902878.5234103587,"conversion":"display only; QALYs and income equivalents are not measured clinical DALYs"},"listDisplay":{"metric":{"id":"daly-equivalent","years":1,"label":"DALY","priceLabel":"$ / DALY"},"priceUSD":90287.85234103588,"canonicalPriceUSDPerTenEquivalentYears":902878.5234103587,"conversion":"display only; QALYs and income equivalents are not measured clinical DALYs"},"model":{"version":"per-scholas-nyc-beta-income-20261018","costScope":"CY2023 whole-organization expense divided by about 4,600 learners.","geographicAttribution":"NYC-metro learners; 0.9 of earning years in the metro.","formula":"Price = 10 × cost per learner ÷ [0.5 × discounted years(2–8) × ln(1 + 0.6 × gain ÷ base) × transfer × non-displacement × NYC share]. Health = 0.","counterfactual":"Randomized control applicants with access to other training and jobs.","attribution":"A gift is credited with the transferred average effect of an added learner at whole-organization average cost; whether a gift adds a New York learner is unverified.","uncertainty":"Dominated by transfer from the 2011–13 Bronx site to today’s scaled program and by current cost per learner.","nativeOutcomes":"Annual earnings in years 1–10 from wage records; year-10 effect null.","inputs":[{"name":"CY2023 total expense","value":62085666,"unit":"USD","basis":"observed","rationale":"Form 990.","sourceIds":["propublica"]},{"name":"Learners 2023","value":4600,"unit":"learners","basis":"observed","rationale":"Over 4,600 trained in 2023, citing the annual report.","sourceIds":["wiki","ps-2024"]},{"name":"Trial operating cost","value":5700,"unit":"USD per participant","basis":"observed","rationale":"WorkAdvance cost analysis summary.","sourceIds":["mdrc-costs"]},{"name":"Average gross gain, years 2–8","value":5000,"unit":"USD per year","basis":"judgment","rationale":"Between significant early gains and the year-6 $6,281; year 10 null.","sourceIds":["av-workadvance","mdrc-10yr"]},{"name":"Base earnings","value":32000,"unit":"USD per year","basis":"observed","rationale":"Year-6 control-group mean $32,122.","sourceIds":["av-workadvance"]},{"name":"Net welfare share","value":0.6,"unit":"share","basis":"judgment","rationale":"After taxes and lost benefits.","sourceIds":[]},{"name":"Transfer to current program","value":0.7,"unit":"share","basis":"judgment","rationale":"Same organization and city, but a larger, changed program.","sourceIds":["ps-2024"]},{"name":"Non-displacement","value":0.85,"unit":"share","basis":"judgment","rationale":"Some entry-level IT jobs are taken from other applicants.","sourceIds":[]},{"name":"NYC residence share","value":0.9,"unit":"share","basis":"judgment","rationale":"Adult learners mostly stay in the metro.","sourceIds":[]}],"missingInputs":["New York learners and cost per added learner.","Evidence for today’s curriculum and campuses.","Whether added funding creates added New York cohorts."],"scenarios":[{"allPopulationQalys":0,"editionQalys":0,"id":"central","label":"Whole-organization cost per learner, trial gains for years 2-8","costUSD":1349688.391304348,"assumptions":"CY2023 expense over about 4,600 learners; $5,000 average gross gain in years 2-8 (60% net), none after; 0.7 transfer, 0.85 non-displacement, 0.9 NYC residence.","incomePathways":[{"people":100,"annualIncomeBeforeUSD":32000,"annualIncomeGainUSD":3000,"years":7,"delayYears":1,"discountRate":0.03,"editionShare":0.9,"independentShare":1,"causalFactors":{"transferToCurrentProgram":0.7,"nonDisplacement":0.85},"causalShare":0.595,"sourceIds":["mdrc-10yr","av-workadvance","mdrc-costs"],"rationale":"Randomized WorkAdvance earnings gains at the Per Scholas Bronx site, which were positive in years 2-5 and 7-8 (year 6: +$6,281, 20%) and absent by year 10; credited as an average gross gain for years 2-8, net of taxes and lost benefits.","counterfactual":"Randomized control applicants could use any other training or job; impacts are net of those alternatives."}]},{"allPopulationQalys":0,"editionQalys":0,"id":"trial-cost","label":"Program cost measured in WorkAdvance","costUSD":752400,"assumptions":"Operating cost of $5,700 per participant at Per Scholas in the trial, inflated to 2025.","incomePathways":[{"people":100,"annualIncomeBeforeUSD":32000,"annualIncomeGainUSD":3000,"years":7,"delayYears":1,"discountRate":0.03,"editionShare":0.9,"independentShare":1,"causalFactors":{"transferToCurrentProgram":0.7,"nonDisplacement":0.85},"causalShare":0.595,"sourceIds":["mdrc-10yr","av-workadvance","mdrc-costs"],"rationale":"Randomized WorkAdvance earnings gains at the Per Scholas Bronx site, which were positive in years 2-5 and 7-8 (year 6: +$6,281, 20%) and absent by year 10; 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impacts are net of those alternatives."}]},{"allPopulationQalys":0,"editionQalys":0,"id":"smaller-gain","label":"Average gain $3,000","costUSD":1349688.391304348,"assumptions":"Lower average across years with and without significant impacts.","incomePathways":[{"people":100,"annualIncomeBeforeUSD":32000,"annualIncomeGainUSD":1800,"years":7,"delayYears":1,"discountRate":0.03,"editionShare":0.9,"independentShare":1,"causalFactors":{"transferToCurrentProgram":0.7,"nonDisplacement":0.85},"causalShare":0.595,"sourceIds":["mdrc-10yr","av-workadvance","mdrc-costs"],"rationale":"Randomized WorkAdvance earnings gains at the Per Scholas Bronx site, which were positive in years 2-5 and 7-8 (year 6: +$6,281, 20%) and absent by year 10; credited as an average gross gain for years 2-8, net of taxes and lost benefits.","counterfactual":"Randomized control applicants could use any other training or job; impacts are net of those alternatives."}]},{"allPopulationQalys":0,"editionQalys":0,"id":"gains-to-year-10","label":"Gains last through year 10","costUSD":1349688.391304348,"assumptions":"Ignores the null year-10 result.","incomePathways":[{"people":100,"annualIncomeBeforeUSD":32000,"annualIncomeGainUSD":3000,"years":9,"delayYears":1,"discountRate":0.03,"editionShare":0.9,"independentShare":1,"causalFactors":{"transferToCurrentProgram":0.7,"nonDisplacement":0.85},"causalShare":0.595,"sourceIds":["mdrc-10yr","av-workadvance","mdrc-costs"],"rationale":"Randomized WorkAdvance earnings gains at the Per Scholas Bronx site, which were positive in years 2-5 and 7-8 (year 6: +$6,281, 20%) and absent by year 10; credited as an average gross gain for years 2-8, net of taxes and lost benefits.","counterfactual":"Randomized control applicants could use any other training or job; impacts are net of those alternatives."}]},{"allPopulationQalys":0,"editionQalys":0,"id":"low-transfer","label":"Today’s program half as effective","costUSD":1349688.391304348,"assumptions":"Scale-up to 24 campuses and changed curriculum dilute the Bronx trial effect.","incomePathways":[{"people":100,"annualIncomeBeforeUSD":32000,"annualIncomeGainUSD":3000,"years":7,"delayYears":1,"discountRate":0.03,"editionShare":0.9,"independentShare":1,"causalFactors":{"transferToCurrentProgram":0.35,"nonDisplacement":0.85},"causalShare":0.2975,"sourceIds":["mdrc-10yr","av-workadvance","mdrc-costs"],"rationale":"Randomized WorkAdvance earnings gains at the Per Scholas Bronx site, which were positive in years 2-5 and 7-8 (year 6: +$6,281, 20%) and absent by year 10; credited as an average gross gain for years 2-8, net of taxes and lost benefits.","counterfactual":"Randomized control applicants could use any other training or job; impacts are net of those alternatives."}]},{"allPopulationQalys":0,"editionQalys":0,"id":"high-displacement","label":"More displacement of other IT job seekers","costUSD":1349688.391304348,"assumptions":"Entry-level IT jobs partly taken from other applicants.","incomePathways":[{"people":100,"annualIncomeBeforeUSD":32000,"annualIncomeGainUSD":3000,"years":7,"delayYears":1,"discountRate":0.03,"editionShare":0.9,"independentShare":1,"causalFactors":{"transferToCurrentProgram":0.7,"nonDisplacement":0.6},"causalShare":0.42,"sourceIds":["mdrc-10yr","av-workadvance","mdrc-costs"],"rationale":"Randomized WorkAdvance earnings gains at the Per Scholas Bronx site, which were positive in years 2-5 and 7-8 (year 6: +$6,281, 20%) and absent by year 10; credited as an average gross gain for years 2-8, net of taxes and lost benefits.","counterfactual":"Randomized control applicants could use any other training or job; impacts are net of those alternatives."}]},{"allPopulationQalys":0,"editionQalys":0,"id":"no-effect","label":"No effect at current scale","costUSD":1349688.391304348,"assumptions":"The other three WorkAdvance sites found no lasting effect.","incomePathways":[]}],"sensitivity":[{"id":"trial-cost","label":"Program cost measured in WorkAdvance","pricePer10":503320.4741113976,"assumptions":"Operating cost of $5,700 per participant at Per Scholas in the trial, inflated to 2025."},{"id":"year6-gain-all-years","label":"Year-6 gain ($6,281) in every year 2-8","pricePer10":726718.9029133697,"assumptions":"Upper bound using the largest reported annual impact."},{"id":"smaller-gain","label":"Average gain $3,000","pricePer10":1478465.8167817176,"assumptions":"Lower average across years with and without significant impacts."},{"id":"gains-to-year-10","label":"Gains last through year 10","pricePer10":722464.6779898329,"assumptions":"Ignores the null year-10 result."},{"id":"low-transfer","label":"Today’s program half as effective","pricePer10":1805757.0468207174,"assumptions":"Scale-up to 24 campuses and changed curriculum dilute the Bronx trial effect."},{"id":"high-displacement","label":"More displacement of other IT job seekers","pricePer10":1279077.9081646746,"assumptions":"Entry-level IT jobs partly taken from other applicants."},{"id":"no-effect","label":"No effect at current scale","assumptions":"The other three WorkAdvance sites found no lasting effect."}]},"sources":[{"id":"mdrc-10yr","title":"Effects of Sector-Focused Training After 10 Years: Findings from the WorkAdvance Evaluation","publisher":"MDRC (Yusim, Schaberg, Tessler and Ubalijoro)","url":"https://www.mdrc.org/work/publications/effects-sector-focused-training-after-10-years","published":"2025-09-01","retrieved":"2026-10-18"},{"id":"av-workadvance","title":"Long-term follow-up of the WorkAdvance study","publisher":"Arnold Ventures","url":"https://www.arnoldventures.org/stories/long-term-follow-up-of-the-workadvance-study-evaluating-the-effectiveness-of-four-different-sector-focused-workforce-development-programs-for-unemployed-and-low-wage-working-adults","published":null,"retrieved":"2026-10-18"},{"id":"mdrc-costs","title":"An exemplary training programme: will it work here? (WorkAdvance costs summary)","publisher":"What Works Centre for Local Economic Growth","url":"https://whatworksgrowth.org/insights/an-exemplary-training-programme-will-it-work-here/","published":null,"retrieved":"2026-10-18"},{"id":"clear-3yr","title":"Can sector strategies promote longer-term effects? Three-year impacts from WorkAdvance","publisher":"U.S. Department of Labor CLEAR","url":"https://clear.dol.gov/Study/Can-sector-strategies-promote-longer-term-effects-Three-year-impacts-WorkAdvance","published":null,"retrieved":"2026-10-18"},{"id":"wiki","title":"Per Scholas (2023 learners and graduates, citing the annual report)","publisher":"Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Scholas","published":null,"retrieved":"2026-10-18"},{"id":"ps-2024","title":"Per Scholas 2024 Annual Report","publisher":"Per Scholas","url":"https://perscholas.org/2024-annual-report/","published":null,"retrieved":"2026-10-18"},{"id":"propublica","title":"Per Scholas Inc, Form 990 filings (EIN 04-3252955)","publisher":"IRS, hosted by ProPublica","url":"https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/43252955","published":null,"retrieved":"2026-10-18"},{"id":"income-cg","title":"Cost-effectiveness: health and log-income comparison","publisher":"Coefficient Giving","url":"https://coefficientgiving.org/research/cost-effectiveness/","published":null,"retrieved":"2026-10-18"}]}